Hepatitis

Question 1

1. What is hepatitis?

Answer 1

• Hepatitis refers to liver inflammation.

Question 2

2. What are the two types of causes for acute hepatitis?

Answer 2

• Infectious and noninfectious.

Question 3

3. Which viruses are the primary hepatotropic viruses?

Answer 3

• Hepatitis A, B, C, D, E, and G.

Question 4

4. What percentage of acute hepatitis cases have an unknown cause?

Answer 4

10-15

Question 5

5. What is the most common cause of acute viral hepatitis?

Answer 5

• Hepatitis A virus (HAV).

Question 6

What type of transmission spreads Hepatitis A virus?

•

Answer 6

Fecal-oral transmission.

Question 7

Which hepatitis viruses can lead to chronic infections?

Answer 7

• Hepatitis B and C.

Question 8

In which population is Hepatitis G virus prevalent?

•

Answer 8

HIV-infected persons.

Question 9

What are common clinical symptoms of hepatitis?

Answer 9

• Jaundice, hepatomegaly, fever, icterus, lymphadenopathy.

Question 10

10. How does hepatitis present in young children?

Answer 10

• Often asymptomatic or mild illness.

Question 11

11. What is tender hepatomegaly a sign of in hepatitis?

Answer 11

• The icteric phase of the disease.

Question 12

12. What extrahepatic symptoms can be seen in hepatitis B and C?

Answer 12

• Arthralgia, arthritis, rash, thrombocytopenia.

Question 13

What lab findings are typical in viral hepatitis?

Answer 13

• Elevated ALT and AST levels.

Question 14

What does a decline in liver enzymes along with rising bilirubin indicate?

•

Answer 14

Severe hepatic injury.

Question 15

What are typical lab findings in cholestasis?

Answer 15

• Elevated ALP, GGT, 5′-nucleotidase, and bilirubin.

Question 16

How is liver synthetic function assessed?

Answer 16

• By PT/INR and albumin levels.

Question 17

What other conditions must be considered in the differential diagnosis for hepatitis?

Answer 17

• Bacterial sepsis, metabolic disorders, autoimmune hepatitis, and toxins.

Question 18

What type of virus is HAV?

Answer 18

• A single-stranded RNA virus from the Picornavirus family.

Question 19

Where is HAV most prevalent? .

20. How is HAV typically transmitted?

Answer 19

• Developing countries

Question 20

How long is the incubation period for HAV?

Answer 20

• Approximately 3 weeks.

Question 21

When is an HAV patient most contagious?

Answer 21

• 2 weeks before and 1 week after jaundice onset.

Question 22

What are some common symptoms of HAV?

Answer 22

• Fever, nausea, vomiting, jaundice.

Question 23

What are rare extra-hepatic complications of HAV?

Answer 23

• Lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, pancreatitis.

Question 24

How is HAV diagnosed?

Answer 24

• Detection of Anti-HAV IgM for acute infection.

Question 25

What is the risk of acute liver failure with HAV?

Answer 25

• Less than 1%.

Question 26

What is the treatment for HAV?

Answer 26

• Supportive treatment, such as fluids and antipruritic agents.

Question 27

What is the primary method of HAV prevention?

Answer 27

• Vaccination and good hygiene practices.

Question 28

What type of virus is Hepatitis B?

Answer 28

• A double-stranded DNA virus from the Hepadnaviridae family.

Question 29

What is the primary mode of transmission for HBV in infants?

Answer 29

Perinatal exposure to an HBsAg-positive mother.

Question 30

What is the incubation period for HBV?

Answer 30

• 45-160 days, average 120 days.

Question 31

What is the first serologic marker of HBV infection?

Answer 31

• HBsAg.

Question 32

What defines chronic HBV infection?

Answer 32

• HBsAg persistence beyond 6 months.

Question 33

What serologic marker is used to indicate HBV recovery and protection?

Answer 33

• Anti-HBs.

Question 34

What is the treatment goal for chronic HBV infection?

Answer 34

• Reduce viral replication, target undetectable HBV DNA.

Question 35

What is a preventative measure for HBV? .

Answer 35

• Hepatitis B vaccine

Question 36

What kind of virus is Hepatitis D? •

Answer 36

A defective single-stranded RNA virus.

Question 37

What does HDV require for infection?

Answer 37

• Concurrent HBV infection.

Question 38

What is a common clinical manifestation of HDV?

Answer 38

• Severe acute hepatitis in coinfection, chronic in superinfection.

Question 39

How is HDV diagnosed?

Answer 39

• Detection of Anti-HDV IgM.

Question 40

What is the primary preventive measure for HDV?

Answer 40

• HBV immunization.

Question 41

What type of virus is HCV?

Answer 41

• A single-stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family

Question 42

How is HDV diagnosed?

Answer 42

• Detection of Anti-HDV IgM.

Question 43

How is HDV prevented?

Answer 43

• HBV vaccination, as HDV cannot infect without HBV.

Question 44

What type of virus is HCV?

Answer 44

• Single-stranded RNA virus in the Flaviviridae family.

Question 45

What is the main risk of HCV?

Answer 45

• Chronic liver disease, with potential for cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Question 46

How is HCV commonly transmitted?

Answer 46

• Through blood exposure, such as transfusions or IV drug use.

Question 47

What percentage of HCV patients develop chronic infection?

Answer 47

• About 80%.

Question 48

What are common symptoms of chronic HCV?

Answer 48

• Fatigue, sometimes nausea, weight loss, and mild ALT elevation.

Question 49

What are common extrahepatic manifestations of HCV?

Answer 49

• Vasculitis, glomerulonephritis, mixed cryoglobulinemia.

Question 50

How is chronic HCV confirmed?

Answer 50

• Anti-HCV IgG and HCV-RNA PCR.

Question 51

What are common treatments for HCV?

Answer 51

• Antiviral drugs like ribavirin and interferons, based on genotype.

Question 52

What type of virus is HEV?

Answer 52

• Non-enveloped RNA virus with spikes.

Question 53

How is HEV transmitted?

Answer 53

• Fecal-oral, often through contaminated water.

Question 54

Who is most at risk of severe HEV complications?

Answer 54

• Pregnant women, especially in developing countries.

Question 55

What is the common age range affected by HEV?

Answer 55

• 15 to 34 years old.

Question 56

How is HEV diagnosed?

Answer 56

• Anti-HEV IgM by ELISA, or HEV RNA by PCR.

Question 57

What are prevention methods for HEV?

Answer 57

• Good sanitation and hygiene practices.

Question 58

What laboratory tests indicate cellular liver injury?

Answer 58

• Elevated ALT and AST

Question 59

What is a key imaging study for assessing hepatitis?

Answer 59

• Ultrasound, especially for liver size and structure.