Herbivore Dental

Question 1

Describe the anatomy of herbivore teeth

Answer 1

• Hypsodont
• Large reserve crowns
• Enamel extends below the gum line

Question 2

Describe the anatomy of horse teeth

Answer 2

• Hypsodont (high crowned teeth, with enamel extending below the gum line)
• Radicular (have closed roots, meaning growth decreases with age)

Question 3

Describe the anatomy of rabbit teeth

Answer 3

• Hypsodont (high crowned teeth with enamel extending below the gum line)
• Elodont (teeth grow continuously throughout life)
• Aradicular (the teeth do not develop anatomical roots)

Question 4

An unsuitable die tor anatomical malformations can result in what for herbivore teeth?

Answer 4

Formation of excessive sharp points or spurs on the teeth where the hard enamel has grown unchecked

Question 5

What is the permanent dental formula of a horse?

Answer 5

I 3/3
C 1/1 or 0/0
PM 4/4 or 3/3
M 3/3
= 36-44 teeth

Question 6

Canine teeth can develop in some horses, at what age would they erupt?

Answer 6

4.5 - 5 years old

Question 7

In the triadan numbering system what number would a canine be?

Answer 7

104 or 204

Question 8

Wolf teeth are present in some horses, what age do they erupt and shed?

Answer 8

Erupt at 5-6 months

Shed at 2.5 years old

Question 9

In the triadan numbering system what number would a wolf tooth be?

Answer 9

1,2,3 or 4 - 05

Question 10

What is the permanent dental formula of a rabbit?

Answer 10

I 2/1
C 0/0
PM 3/2
M 3/3
= 28 teeth

Question 11

Describe the formation of the incisors in a rabbit

Answer 11

The second maxillary incisor sits behind the first, forming a peg tooth
The lower incisors, sit between the first and second maxillary incisors, creating a scissor action for cropping grass/forage material.

Question 12

Give the age of the horse when each of the incisors has permanently erupted

Answer 12

1 (central) = 2.5 years old
2 (middle) = 3.5 years old
4 (corner) = 4.5 years old

Question 13

Following permanent eruption, how long does it take before an incisor is ‘in wear’

Answer 13

6 months
Incisor 1 in wear starts at 3 yo
Incisor 2 in wear starts at 4 yo
Incisor 3 in wear starts at 5 yo

Question 14

Give a definition of eruption

Answer 14

the time at which the tooth becomes visible at the gum margin

Question 15

Give a definition of in wear

Answer 15

The time at which the incisor teeth meet (lower with upper). This occurs approx. six months after eruption.

Question 16

Describe the appearance of deciduous incisors

Answer 16

Small and white, with small ridges on the labial surface

Question 17

The cementum filled depression on the occlusive surface of the tooth is called the…?

Answer 17

Infundibulum

Question 18

Initially the infundibulum is empty and collects food particles – at this stage it is referred to as a … ?

Answer 18

Cup

Question 19

Once the cementum is in wear and the cup appears filled in, it is referred to as a …?

Answer 19

Mark

Question 20

At what age does the cup disappear in each of the incisors?

Answer 20

1 = 6-7 yo
2 = 7-11 yo
3 = 9-15 yo

Question 21

At what age does the mark disappear in each of the incisors?

Answer 21

1 = >12 years
2 = >14 years 
3 = >15 years

Question 22

What is the dental star?

Answer 22

Production of secondary dentine by the pulp cavity as the incisor wears

Question 23

How does the dental star shape change as a tooth is worn?

Answer 23

It is fairly linear initially and becomes rounder and more central as wear progresses

Question 24

At what age does the dental start appear in the each incisor of a horse?

Answer 24

1 = 5yo
2 = 6yo
3 = 7yo

Question 25

What appears in the dental star after 2-3 years in wear?

Answer 25

White spots

Question 26

A horse has a dental star visible in all of its teeth, with white marks visible in the central incisor, how old is the horse?

Answer 26

8 years old

Question 27

How does the shape of the occlusal surface change with age?

Answer 27

From oval through trapezoid to triangular

Question 28

Describe how the shape of the corner incisor changes and how that can be used to determine a horses age

Answer 28

At 5-9 years old: the corner incisor is wider than it is tall At 9-10 years old: the corner incisor is square >10 years old: the corner incisor is taller than it is wide

Question 29

Galvayne’s groove can appear on which incisor?

Answer 29

Maxillary corner

Question 30

How can Galvayne’s groove be used to estimate a horses age?

Answer 30

``` - It appears at the gum margin at around 11years old - Groove is halfway down the tooth at 15yo - whole way down by 20 - halfway out by 25 - gone by 30 ```

Question 31

Which deciduous equine cheek teeth are present at birth?

Answer 31

PM 2, 3 and 4

Question 32

In 2-4 year old horses, during eruption of the cheek teeth, what can be observed?

Answer 32

4 year old bumps = firm swellings form on the ventral aspect of lower jaw indicating the rapidly developing dentition within the mandible

Question 33

How is the anatomy of the maxillary and mandibular cheek teeth different?

Answer 33

- The maxillary cheek teeth are square in shape, with two infundibulae and usually three roots - The mandibular cheek teeth are more rectangular and have no infundibulae but lots of folding of peripheral enamel and usually two roots

Question 34

How do rabbits cheek teeth differ to a horse?

Answer 34

They are open rooted If you remove either a problem incisor or a problem cheek tooth in the rabbit you must ensure that you destroy the germinal bud otherwise the tooth will simply regrow

Question 35

Equine teeth erupt at roughly how many mm per year?

Answer 35

3-4mm

Question 36

In horses and rabbits a routine dental examination should consist of what 4 parts?

Answer 36

History Extra oral exam Intra oral exam Dental charting

Question 37

What should always be checked for when looking at or taking an animals dental history?

Answer 37

- Previous issues - Date of last examination - Diet/management - Riding concerns

Question 38

What should be assessed in an equine extra-oral examination?

Answer 38

- Facial symmetry - Sinuses - Palpate for swellings or discomfort - Lymph nodes - Lateral mandible movement - Incisor occlusion - Lips for scars/masses

Question 39

What do horses require to restrain them for an intra-oral exam?

Answer 39

Sedation

Question 40

Before applying a gag in horses where might be useful to rasp?

Answer 40

Buccal angle of the maxillary cheek teeth

Question 41

Give examples of abnormalities that should be noted on a dental chart

Answer 41

- missing teeth - calculus - gingivitis - periodontal pockets - diastema - fractures - loose or mobile teeth

Question 42

What is the aim of rasping teeth?

Answer 42

Remove sharp enamel points/dental overgrowths which are causing, or are likely to cause, progressive malocclusion of the arcades, or damage to the soft tissues of the mouth. - not aiming for all of the teeth to be smooth

Question 43

Where are sharp points commonly located on the maxillary and mandibular teeth?

Answer 43

``` Maxillary = buccal surface Mandibular = lingual surface ```

Question 44

At what angle should the rasp blade be held at?

Answer 44

45◦ angle to the buccal aspect of the tooth

Question 45

When rasping how can you check that your technique is correct?

Answer 45

You should see an even distribution of tooth particles along the blade

Question 46

Which side do horses like being approached from?

Answer 46

The left

Question 47

On which teeth and aspect would you use a straight rasp?

Answer 47

Lingual aspect of the mandibular teeth | Buccal aspect of the caudal premolars and rostral molars in the maxillary arcade

Question 48

On which teeth and aspect would you use a forward facing rasp?

Answer 48

Caudal molars in the maxillary arcade

Question 49

On which teeth and aspect would you use a backwards facing rasp?

Answer 49

Rostral premolars in the maxillary arcade | Caudal molars in the mandibular arcade