Heredity and Environment

Question 1

We have about _____ genes.

Answer 1

20,000

Question 2

A _____ is a section of a chromosome which produces specific proteins.

Answer 2

gene

Question 3

A reproductive cell is called a _______.

Answer 3

gamete

Question 4

Every person begins life as a single cell, called a _______, which is a combination of two gametes.

Answer 4

zygote

Question 5

Each cell manufactures certain proteins according to instructions stored by molecules of ___ at the heart of each cell.

These coding DNA molecules are on a ___________.

Answer 5

DNA

Chromosome

Question 6

Humans have __ pairs of chromosomes (__ in total) which contain the instructions to make all the proteins a person needs for life and growth.

Answer 6

23 pairs

46 total

Question 7

The instructions in the 46 chromosomes are organized into _____, usually located at a specific spot on a particular chromosome.

Answer 7

genes

Question 8

Each variation of a particular gene is called an ______ of that gene.

Answer 8

allele

Question 9

Genes only provide the ____, NOT the ________.

Answer 9

risk,

NOT the outcome

Question 10

The entire packet of instructions to make a living organism is called the _______.

Answer 10

genome

Question 11

What are some normative genetic effects…

Answer 11

• gender
• physical appearance
• temperament
• tendencies for addiction

Question 12

The genes on the chromosome constitute the organism’s genetic inheritance, or ______, which endures throughout life.

Answer 12

genotype

Question 13

An organism’s entire genetic inheritance, or genetic potential, is called ________.

Answer 13

genotype

Question 14

If the code of the gene from one parent is exactly like the code on the same gene from the other parent, the gene pair is ___________.

Answer 14

homozygous

Question 15

If a gene’s code differs from that of its counterpart, the two genes still pair up, but the zygote is ____________.

Answer 15

heterozygous

Question 16

The chromosomes that make up the 23rd pair are the ___ chromosomes.

Answer 16

sex

Question 17

The 23rd pair is composed of two __-shaped chromosome .

Answer 17

X-shaped

Question 18

XX = _______

Answer 18

females

Question 19

XY = _______

Answer 19

males

Question 20

When a sperm and an ovum combine into a zygote, they establish the genotype: all the genes that the developing person has.

Creation of a person from one cell involves several complex processes to form the _________ - the person’s appearance, behavior and brain and body functions.

Answer 20

phenotype

Question 21

The _______ instigates body and brain formation, but the ________ depends on many genes and on the environment, influenced from the moment of conception until the moment of death.

Answer 21

genotype

phenotype

Question 22

Most traits are ________ (affected by many genes) and ___________ (influenced by many factors).

Answer 22

polygenic

multifactorial

Question 23

________: referring to a trait that is influenced by many genes.

Answer 23

polygenic

Question 24

___________: referring to a trait that is affected by many factors, both genetic and environmental, that enhance, halt, shape, or alter the expression of genes, resulting in a phenotype that may differ markedly from the genotype.

Answer 24

multifactorial

Question 25

The pattern through which genes influence development may be either _______ or __________-_________.

Answer 25

additive or dominant recessive

Question 26

- Some alleles are _______ because their effects "add up" to influence the phenotype. - When genes interact ________, the phenotype usually reflects the contributions of every gene that is involved, in other words, they *jointly influence* the phenotype expression. - Height, hair curliness, and skin color, for instance, are usually the result of ______ genes.

Answer 26

additive | additively

Question 27

- In one non-additive form, alleles interact in a ________-________ pattern, which one allele, the 'dominant' gene, is more influential than the other, the 'recessive' gene. - This is an observed effect (displayed in the phenotype) or not.

Answer 27

dominant-recessive

Question 28

T/F: | Most recessive genes are harmless.

Answer 28

True

Question 29

Most traits are _________, the result of many genes that interact -- some _______ and some in a _________-________ pattern, with thousands of minor variations in base pairs, all of which may be affected by the sex of the parent and the zygote.

Answer 29

polygenetic additively dominant-recessive pattern

Question 30

What are the three different genotype-environment correlations? PEA

Answer 30

1) Passive 2) Evocative 3) Active

Question 31

Genotype-Environment Correlation ________: the influence of parent's genotypes on the child's environment. (ex: living in a certain neighborhood because of parent's SES --> affected by parent's genes)

Answer 31

Passive

Question 32

Genotype-Environment Correlation ________: temperament (a person's nature as it affects their behavior) (affected by genes) evokes reactions from others.

Answer 32

Evocative

Question 33

Genotype-Environment Correlation ______: individuals are predisposed to select certain 'environments' based on genetically driven characteristics.

Answer 33

Active

Question 34

Assessing Heritability What are the three designs used to asses heritability

Answer 34

1) Controlled Twin Design - identical vs. fraternal twins growing up in same environments 2) Adoption studies - environmental effects on adopted children 3) Selective breeding - animals

Question 35

Environment --> 1) Shared = 2) Non-shared =

Answer 35

1) Shared = family | 2) Non-shared = peer group

Question 36

Social aggression was influenced by substantial _________ (shared and nonshared) effects and only weak _________ effects.

Answer 36

environmental | genetic

Question 37

Physical aggression was influenced by ______ and the unique (i.,e., nonshared) environment.

Answer 37

genes

Question 38

Social and physical aggression share most of their underlying _____, but only a few overlapping ___________ factors.

Answer 38

genes | environmental