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Exam #2 Biology 214 > Heredity and Tissues > Flashcards

Heredity and Tissues Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

What is the definition for primary tissue?

A

similar cells that hvae a common embryonic origin and are designed to work together to perform a particular function.

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2
Q

What are the differences in tissues?

A

They differ from one another accroding to their types of cells that are present and the matrix that surrounds these cells.

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3
Q

Define Matrix

A

composed of various fibers within a ground substance.

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4
Q

Define ground substance.

A

can be hard or semisolid or liquid. Contains water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, and other chemicals.

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5
Q

What are the classifications of tissues?

A

Epithelial (covering). Muscle (movement). Connective (Support). Nervous (Control).

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6
Q

What is Ectoderm?

A

the outer layer of the embryonic tissues, that produces the epidermis and nervous system.

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7
Q

What is the Mesoderm?

A

the middle layer, under the ectoderm. It produces muscle, bone, blood, and most of the other connective tissues.

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8
Q

What is the Endoderm?

A

The inner germ under the mesoderm. Produces mucous membrances and digestive glands.

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9
Q

what is the organization of Epihelial Tissue?

A

cells that are tightly packed together with little extracellular material between them. Very little extracellular fluid between them.

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10
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

always free and exposed to a body cavity or lumen of a internal organ or an exterior body surface.

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11
Q

What is the Basement membrane?

A

It is what attaches the epithelial tissue to the underlying connective tissue.

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12
Q

Define Basal Lamina.

A

contains collagen fibers and other proteins.

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13
Q

Define reticular lamina.

A

Contains reticular fibers and other proteins.

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14
Q

Where is the epithelial tissue located and what are the functions?

A

it covers the body surfaces, lines the body cavities, and forms the secretory structure of glands to function protection, absorption, and secreation, respectively.

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15
Q

What do simple epithelium tissue consist of?

A

one layer of epithelial cells, with every cell touching the basement membrane.

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16
Q

What do simple squamous epithelium cells consist of?

A

thin flat cells, each with one central nucelus.

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17
Q

what is the function of a simple squamous epithelium tissue?

A

Diffusion,osmosis, and filtration

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18
Q

Where are the simple squamous epithelium tissues located?

A

In the lungs and kidneys

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19
Q

Where is the mesothelium?

A

It lines abdominal, pleural and pericardial cavities.

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20
Q

Where is the endothelium?

A

Lining the heart and blood vessels that emerge from the heart.

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21
Q

What do are the simple cuboidal epithelium tissue consist of?

A

squarish cells with a central spherical nucleus

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22
Q

What are the function and location of simple cuboidal epithelium?

A

They are used for absorption and secretion. They are located in the kidney tubules and the lining of the ducts of salivary glands.

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23
Q

What consists of the simple columnar epithelium tissues?

A

elongated rectangular cells with a single nucleus located near the base of the cell.

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24
Q

function of the simple columnar epithelium tissues.

A

Secretion and absorption. they goblet secret mucus.

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25
What is the non-ciliated columnar epithelium tissue?
located in the small intestine and they contain goblet cells they secrete mucus and they consist of microvilli that may enhance absorption by increasing surface area.
26
What is the ciliated columnar epithelium tissue?
located in the uterine tubes that move oocytes towards the uterus once they have been released from the ovaries. Cilia beat in unison to propel the oocytes toward the uterus.
27
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium consist of...
cells that are of different heights they rest on the same basement membrane, but the nuclei are located at different levels so it my appear that there are multiple layers.
28
Function and location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
It secretes mucus and moves the mucus by ciliary action. located in the upper respiratory and in portions of the male reproductive tract.
29
How are the stratified epithelium named?
according to the cell shape in the apical layer.
30
Stratified squamous epithelium consist of...
multiple layers of cells and is the most widespread epithelium in the body.
31
function of stratified squamous epithelium
protects against pathogens, resists abrasion, and retards water loss.
32
Deep cuboidal and columnar cells.
they can become squamous near the apical surface.
33
Keratinized epithelium tissue...
it is on the skin surface and contains one layer of dear squamous cells that are filled with waterproof keratin protein.
34
Non-keratinized epithelium tissue..
covers tongue and lines the mouth, esophagus, anal canal, and vagina.
35
Stratified cuboidal epithelium consists of..
two or more layers of cube-shaped cells.
36
Function and location of stratified cuboidal epithelium..
protection, limited secretion, and absorption. Located in the ducts of sweat glands and in ovaries and testes.
37
Stratified columnar epithelium..
quite rare and found only in limited regions of the pharynx, larynz, anal canal, and male urethra.
38
Transitional epithelium consists of..
round or cuboidal cells that become squamous in shape as the tissue gets stretched.
39
function and location of transitional epithelium..
permits distension of an organ or structure. Located in the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of the urethra.
40
Describe Connective tissue.
the most abundant, widely distributed and variable tissue in the body.
41
Functions of connective tissue.
binds organs together; provides support for organs and other tissues; allows body movement; protects body from disease-causing organisms (blood); protects internal organs (bone); stores energy (adipose tissue); transports nutrients, wastes, and gases through body (blood).
42
Connective tissues consist of.
mostly fibers, with widely separated cells that are surrounded by different kinds of ground substances.
43
Define fibroblast
type of cell found in connective tissue. large, flat, spindle-shaped cells with branching processes.
44
Define "blasts"
undifferentiated cells that synthesize and secrete fibers and ground substances (contribute to the matrix in cells suspension.
45
Define Macrophages.
type of cell in connective tissue. large irregular cells that phagotyize bacteria and cellular debris.
46
Define leukocytes.
type of cell found in connective tissue. white blood cells that protect against bacteria and toxins.
47
Define plasma cells.
round or irregular cells that secrete proteins which can attack or neutralized foreign substances in body.
48
Define mast cells
type of cell found in connective tissue. large cells located near blood vessels that secrete heparin (inhibit blood clotting) and Histamine (dilate blood vessels and increase blood flow).
49
Define adipocytes.
type of cell found in connective tissue. large, rounded cells that store triglycerides.
50
Define collagen fibers.
type of fibers found in connective tissue. consists of collagen proteins that provide great strength and flexibility. most abundant (25% of all proteins in the body).
51
Define elastic fibers.
type of fiber found in connective tissue. consists of elastic proteins that can easily stretch and recoil.
52
Define reticular fibers.
type of fiber found in connective tissues. Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins that provide support for blood capillaries, nerves, and muscle.
53
Ground substance
support cells and fibers and affects how a tissue functions
54
Define glycosaminoglycans.
play an important role in regulating water and electrolytes.
55
Define proteoglycans
form thick colloids that hold tissues together.
56
Define adhesive glycoproteins.
bind membrane proteins to collagen fibers.
57
Areolar connective tissue consist of..
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, and reticular fibers and all of the cell types which are embedded in a semi-fluid ground substance.
58
Function and location of areolar connective tissue.
Binds epithelium to deeper tissue and provides strength and support. located between the skin and muscles and around blood vessels and nerves.
59
Reticular connective tissue consist of..
reticular fibers and fibroblasts.
60
function and location of reticular
support framework and is located in lymph nodes, in the spleen and in bone marrow.
61
Adipose tissue consists of.
few fibers but has numerous adipocytes filled with large fat droplets.
62
function and location of adipose tissue.
protective cushion, insulates against heat loss and stores energy. located on subcutaneous "fat layers" beneath the skin in the breasts and hips and around the kidney, heart, and various joints.
63
Dense regular connective tissue consist of..
parallel bundles of collagen fibers
64
function and location of dense regular connective tissue.
provides strength and is a principal component in the tendons and ligaments.
65
Dense irregular connective tissue consists of.
collagen fibers that are RANDOMLY arranged.
66
function and location of dense irregular connective tissue.
provides strength to resist unpredictable stresses (twisting) located between the skin and underlying muscles and in protective capsules around the kidneys, liver, and other internal organs.
67
Elastic connective tissue consist of.
branching elastic fibers and fibroblasts
68
function and location of elastic connective tissue.
permits stretching. located in lungs and respiratory passage ways (expand and contract), walls of elastic arteries, and in vocal cords.
69
Composition of cartilage.
collagen fibers, elastic fibers and mature chondrocytes which are the actual cartilage cell that is embedded into a semisolid matrix containing chondroitin sulfacte. 80% water.
70
Does cartilage have blood supply?
No blood supply so they get their nutrients from diffusion of near by tissues.
71
What does low rate of metabolism and cell division do to the cartilage.
It repairs injuries that happen to the cartilage very slowly.
72
What is perichondrium?
It is what surrounds the cartilage and is a sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that helps to retain shape and capability.
73
composition of hyaline cartilage.
glossy, bluish-white appearance and is the most abundant type.
74
function of hyaline cartilage.
matrix for bone development and provides frition-free movement at joints.
75
location of hyaline cartilage.
tip of the nose and parts of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi.
76
Location of articular cartilage.
at the ends of the long-bones.
77
location of costal cartilage.
at the ends of the ribs that attach to the sternum.
78
composition of elastic cartilage.
chondrocytes within a web-like mes of elastic fibers.
79
functions for elastic cartilage.
provides strength and flexible elastic support.
80
location of elastic cartilage.
maintains the shape of the external ear and epigiottis.
81
composision of fibrocartilage.
chondrocytes among collagen fibers, but it has no perichondrium (no sheath).
82
function of fibrocartilage.
absorbs shock and provides support
83
locaiton of fibrocartilage.
in pubic symphysis at the front of the pelvis and in the intervertebral discs that forms shock-absorbing pads in keens.
84
What are the two types of osseous tissue?
Spongy bone and compact bone that make up most of the body mass of the skeleton.
85
Spongy Bone.
consists of columns and plates called trabeculae.
86
Compact bone.
consist of dense calcified rings called osteons and is the hardest type of connective tissue that contains calcium salts and chondroitin sulfate around collagen fibers in its matrix
87
What are mature bone cells called.
osteocytes.
88
function of bone tissue.
provides physical support for the body; protects internal organs; provides leverage for muscle action and stores calcium and phosphorus.
89
composisiton of blood.
fluid connective tissue with gound substance called plasma that contains red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and fibers.
90
Composistion of nervous tissue.
consists of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglin or glial cells.
91
What is in a neuron.
nucleus and other organelles.
92
what is the process of nervous tissue.
extending from the cell body there are single axons that transmit signals away from cell body and branched dendrites that recieve signals from nearby neuron.
93
function of the nervous tissue.
detecting stimuli and transmitting nerve signals to other cells.
94
location of nervous tissue.
brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
95
composition of skeletal muscle.
long, cylindrical multinucleate cells called muscle fibers
96
funciton of skeletal muscle.
attaches to bones to move body parts.
97
description of skeletal muscle
striated and its contractions are under voluntary control.
98
composistion of cardiac muscle.
branched uninucleate myocytes held together by intercalated discs that also separate one fiber from another.
99
location of cardiac muscle.
wall of the heart.
100
description of cardiac muscle.
striated like skeletal muscle, but its contractions are involuntary.
101
composition of smooth muscle.
spindle-shaped uninucleate cells.
102
location of smooth muscle.
walls of the stomach, bladder, uterus, and blood vessels.
103
description of smooth muscle.
no striated and its contractions are involuntary.

Exam #2 Biology 214 (8 decks)

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