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HES 120 > HES 105 Midterm 2 > Flashcards

HES 105 Midterm 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Describe direct calorimetry. What does it measure and it is easy or complex to use.

A

Provides direct measure of energy transfer in joules or kcal. Very difficult.

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2
Q

Describe indirect calorimetry (AKA respirometry) is it easy or complex to use.

A

Measures both the rate of O2 consumption and the rate of CO2 production.

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3
Q

What is the percentage of inspired O2 from the earth

A

20.93%

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4
Q

What is the percentage of inspired CO2 from the earth

A

0.04%

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5
Q

What are the 5 steps of getting O2 out of the air and into the mitochondria

A

Ventilation, gas exchange(diffusion in blood) , gas transport (through circulation) , metabolism, mitochondria

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6
Q

How much O2 do we consume. (at rest and per day)

A

At rest, 250mL/ min and 500 L O2 per day.

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7
Q

V02 is influenced by the type of activity. Does O2 cost go up or down when larger muscles are recruited

A

O2 costs go up. They go up the most with whole body, then lower body, then upper body.

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8
Q

What systems does Vo2 reflect?

A

respiratory, cardiovascular, metabolic system plus nervous system and endocrine system.

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9
Q

What is Vo2

A

The difference between the amount of O2 that enters your body and the amount of O2 that leaves your body every minute.

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10
Q

What is VCO2

A

The difference between the amount of CO2 that leaves your body and the amount of CO2 that enters your body every minute.

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11
Q

What is Absolute VO2

A

Total amount of O2 consumed over time. Reported in mL/ min or L/ min. Good for determining total energy costs of activities that are NOT weight bearing.

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12
Q

What is relative VO2

A

Takes body mass into account. More appropriate for determining energy costs of activities that require moving ones own body weight. More appropriate for comparing people of different sizes.

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13
Q

What are the six exercise categories?

A

Static resistance, dymanic resistance, very short term high intensity training, short term light to moderate, long term moderat to heavy, incrememntal exercise to max

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14
Q

Is static resistance your aerobic or anaerobic system. What is the duration of it and what is an example of a static exercise

A

Static is your anaerobic system. Under OR 10 minutes. Wall sit.

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15
Q

Is dynamic resistance your aerobic or anaerobic system. What is an example

A

Anaerobic system. Push ups or bicep curls.

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16
Q

Is very short term high intensity training your aerobic or anaerobic system. How long is it for and what is an example

A

Anaerobic system. Under 3 mins and example is sprinting to the bus

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17
Q

Is very short term light to moderate your anaerobic or aerobic system, give an example, and how long does it last for

A

aerobic system. 3-15 mins and 15 minute walk across campus

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18
Q

Is long term moderate to heavy your anaerobic or aerobic system. What is the time frame and provide an example

A

Aerobic system. 15 min- 4 hours. Uphill hike with backpack.

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19
Q

Is incremental test to max anaerobic or aerobic. What is the time frame and provide an example.

A

Aerobic, 5-20 min. VO2 max test.

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20
Q

During static resistance, when does VO2 max mostly increase

A

VO2 mainly increases afterwards.

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21
Q

During dynamic resistance, when does VO2 increase

A

Increases during and after

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22
Q

During very short term high intensity when does VO2 increase

A

Increases during exercise and significantly elevated for longer recovery

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23
Q

During short term light to moderate exercise, when does VO2 increase

A

initial rise then plateau at appropriate steady state

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24
Q

during long term moderate to heavy, when does VO2 increase

A

initial rise, plateau at appropriate steady state then positive drift

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25
Q

during incremental exercise to max, what happens to VO2.

A

Rectinlinear rise, then plateau at maximum

26
Q

What does RQ (respiratory quotient) compare

A

Compares O2 consumption and CO2 production at the cell

27
Q

What is the RQ for lipids

A

0.70

28
Q

What is the RQ for protein

A

0.81

29
Q

what is the RQ for carbohydrates

A

1.0

30
Q

What does RER compare

A

compares O2 consumption and CO2 production at the lung

31
Q

Is VO2 a good indicator of cellular respiration

A

Very good indicator

32
Q

Is VCO2 a good indicator of cellular respiration

A

Not always a great indicator

33
Q

What does a drop in RER indicate

A

glycogen depletion and an increased reliance on lipids

34
Q

When muscles are relaxed is Plung and Patm same or different

A

Plung=P atm

35
Q

During inspiratory, is there more air in the Lungs or Atmosphere

A

Plung < Patm and air flows in

36
Q

During expiration, is there more air in lungs or atmosphere

A

Plung > Patmosphere

37
Q

What 2 muscles are working during normal inspiration

A

Diaphragm and external intercostals

38
Q

What is minute ventilation

A

Total volume of air we inspire or expire every minute.

39
Q

What is alveolar ventilation

A

amount of air that reaches the alveoli and can participate in gas exchange and this is what we actually care about.

40
Q

What is anatomical dead space

A

air that never reaches the alveoli

41
Q

Is it more energy efficient to increase tidal volume or breathing freqency

A

Better to increase tidal volume than breathing frequency

42
Q

Does tidal volume or breathing frequency increase reduce Vd/Vt (the portion of breath that is wasted)

A

Tidal volume

43
Q

3 ways VE increases with exercise

A

Immidiate increase, exponential increase, steady state

44
Q

What does bronchodilation aid in

A

makes breathing easier

45
Q

What is Hypoventilation (under ventilate) is there more CO2 or less and what does that do to pH

A

More CO2 which lowers Ph that causes it to be more acidic

46
Q

What is hypervetilation (over ventilation) and what affects does it have on CO2

A

Lower CO2 whih causes a higher pH making it more basic.

47
Q

What are the four domains

A

Extreme, severe, heavy, moderate

48
Q

Which domains is steady state reached in and when is it attained

A

Not attainable in Extreme and Severe. During Heavy it is reached within 10-20 minutes and for moderate it is reached within 2-3 minutes.

49
Q

How many minutes can u sustain each domain for

A

Extreme- under 2 minutes, Severe- several minutes,
Heavy- multiple hours,
Moderate- indefinitely

50
Q

What contribution does the anaerobic system have on each domain

A

Extreme- significant contribution
Severe- substantial contribution
Heavy- obvious
Moderate- negligible

51
Q

What is a fatigue mechanism for each domain

A

Extreme- accumulation of metabolites and central fatigue.
Severe-accumulation of metabolites and central fatigue.
Heavy- Glycogen depletion and central fatigue
Moderate-Central fatigue

52
Q

What is Lt1 the boundary between

A

Boundary between moderate/ heavy exercise

53
Q

What happens to lactate production in moderate intensity

A

La production increases with intensity, but La is consumed in the cell as quickly as it is made.

54
Q

What happens during Lt1

A

Marks intensity where measurable anaeroboisis occurs. La increases above OR 1mmol/L abouve resting levels and occurs because rate of La production exeeds rate of La use by the cell

55
Q

What happens during Lt2

A

marks point where anaerobic glycolysis is now happening so fast that La is getting produced faster than it can get cleared. H+ is getting produced faster than it can get buffered.

56
Q

Benefit to training at moderate intensity

A

build base fitness

57
Q

benefit to training at heavy intensity

A

get better at building H+

58
Q

benefit to training at severe

A

Improve tolerance of H+ and feeling breathless

59
Q

benefit to training at extreme intensity

A

Increase VO2 max

60
Q

What happens during V1

A

Boundary between moderate and heavy. Marks intensity where H+ starts to spill into blood and buffering it produces non- metabolic CO2.

61
Q

What happens during Vt2

A

marks intensity where rate of H + production exeeds the rate at which it can be buffered

62
Q
A

HES 120 (16 decks)

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