HF

Question 1

What is an error?

Answer 1

Actions or inactions that lead to a deviation from intentions or expectations.

Question 2

What is Human Factors?

Answer 2

Optimising how humans relate and interact with the environment, procedures, technology and other people.

Question 3

What is SHELL?

Answer 3

Software
Hardware
Environment
Liveware to human
Liveware to machine

Question 4

Types of errors:

Answer 4

Slips
Lapses
Mistakes

Question 5

What factors contribute to an accident?

Answer 5

Reason Model:

Organisational
Workplace
Individual / Team
Defences

Question 6

What is a threat?

Answer 6

Anything that requires crew attention and management to maintain safety margins.

Question 7

Describe the TEM model.

Answer 7

Threat -> Manage
Error -> Manage
Undesired Operation State -> Manage

Question 8

Cornerstones of Just Culture

Answer 8

1. Actively seek out risk
2. Support a learning culture
3. Manage employee behaviour
4. Focus on fixing the system

Question 9

Types of safety behaviour

Answer 9

1. Human error
   (an inadvertent action)
2. At risk
   (choice that increases risk)
3. Reckless
   (conscious disregard for substantial risk)

Question 10

How do you manage behaviours to improve the system?

Answer 10

Human error - Support
At risk - Coach
Reckless - Discipline

Question 11

What is the Support Language?

Answer 11

R - Relay
A - Ask
I - Indicate concern
S - Solution
E - Emergency language

Take notice and respond appropriately

Question 12

What is communication?

Answer 12

Effective transfer of information

Question 13

Strategies for effective communication

Answer 13

• Make time for introductions to set tone & build rapport
• Foster a relationship with the crew
• Lead by example
• Show respect
• Encourage open & honest 2-way communication
• Check for understanding

Question 14

What is SA?

Answer 14

The process of matching your perceptions with reality.

Question 15

What are the levels of SA?

Answer 15

Perceiving
Understanding
Anticipating

Question 16

SA is the foundation for…

Answer 16

effective flight path management.

Question 17

How do you recover SA?

Answer 17

SAFE PLACE
Stabilise the aircraft
Buy time
Communicate & gather information

Question 18

Types of decision making

Answer 18

Analytical - GRADE
(calculate optimum choice)

Cue based or Intuitive
(evaluating as problem evolves)

Question 19

What is risk?

Answer 19

Likelihood vs Consequence

Question 20

Examples of bias decision making

Answer 20

• Group think
• Confirmation / expectation
• Overconfidence
• Familiarity / frequency
• Selective / preconceived

Question 21

Stages of team formation

Answer 21

Tuckman Model

1. Forming
2. Storming
3. Norming
4. Performing
5. Adjourning

Question 22

Strategies for building & maintaining your team

???

Answer 22

• At sign on or briefing?
• Before pushback?
• In flight?
• After the flight?

Question 23

What is group think?

Answer 23

A frame of mind where ‘being part of’ the group has higher priority than independent thinking.

Question 24

NTB - Situational Awareness

Answer 24

1. Systems Awareness
2. Environmental Awareness
3. Anticipation

Question 25

NTB - Teamwork

Answer 25

1. Team Building and Maintaining 2. Considering Others 3. Supporting Others 4. Conflict Solving

Question 26

NTB - Decision Making

Answer 26

1. Problem Definition / Diagnosis 2. Option Generation 3. Risk Assessment / Option Choice 4. Outcome Review

Question 27

NTB - Leadership & Managerial Skills

Answer 27

1. Use of Authority & Assertiveness 2. Providing & Maintaining Standards 3. Planning & Coordination 4. Workload management

Question 28

What behaviour does Just Culture tolerate?

Answer 28

Human error and at risk behaviour. Does not tolerate reckless behaviour.

Question 29

Signs of degraded of SA

Answer 29

- Confusion - Errors - Fixation - Not responding - Getting quiet - Not meeting targets - Bad gut feel

Question 30

Common circumstances that can induce 'press on itis'

Answer 30

MIT study on T/S penetration: 1. Close to destination 2. Darkness 3. Other aircraft are getting in 4. More than 15min behind schedule

Question 31

Workload management strategies

Answer 31

1. Load shed 2. Delegation 3. Prioritisation

Question 32

Crew briefing tool used by QLink | not tested

Answer 32

``` I - Introduction S - Status T- Turbulence O - Operational info P - Password ```

Question 33

Considerations | not tested

Answer 33

1. Safe 2. Legal 3. Standard 4. Comfort 5. Cost 6. Wise

Question 34

Whom do you talk to in an emergency? | not tested

Answer 34

Across the Comms Panel | VHF 1/2/3, HF, INT, CAB

Question 35

TLAR | not tested

Answer 35

That looks about right

Question 36

Take stock... | not tested

Answer 36

What do I have? What have I lost? What do I need?

Question 37

Expand the team... | not tested

Answer 37

- ATC - Passengers who speak up - Pilots on other aircraft

Question 38

How to handle a suspected Capt under the influence | not tested

Answer 38

- Ask RUOK? - Call duty captain - Stand yourself down?

Question 39

Strategies for monitoring

Answer 39

1. Passive vs active monitoring 2. Understand SOPs 3. Shared metal model 4. Monitor for position and progress 5. Observe sterile cockpit & avoid interruptions 6. Flag errors 7. Be alert for potential/actual breakdown in SA

Question 40

How to regain SA

Answer 40

Verify: - Airspeed - Attitude - Altitude - Orientation - Last ATC instruction

Question 41

What is a distraction?

Answer 41

Something that draws attention away.

Question 42

What is an interruption?

Answer 42

Something that takes away from the task????

Question 43

Providing and maintaining standards

Answer 43

- Time pressure leads to unconscious shedding - Reconstructing SA after distraction is difficult - Abnormal situations make us vulnerable to errors - Multi-tasking doesn't work well