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BOARD EXAM > HGE > Flashcards

HGE Flashcards

1
Q

The ratio of the volume of void space to the volume of solid substance.

A

Void Ratio

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2
Q

The ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of the soil sample or specimen. It is simply the open space between the soil grains.

A

Porosity

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3
Q

The ratio of the volume of water in the void spaces to the volume of the voids.

A

Degree of Saturation

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4
Q

The ratio of weight of water to the weight of solids in a given volume of soil.

A

Moisture Content

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4
Q

It is simply the measure of the void volume that is filled by water, expressed as a percentage ranging from 0 to 100.

A

Degree of Saturation

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5
Q

the weight of soil per unit volume

A

Unit Weight

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6
Q

the weight per unit volume of soil, excluding water

A

Dry Unit Weight

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7
Q

known as total, wet or moist unit weight. It is the total weight divided by the total volume

A

Bulk unit weight

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8
Q

the bulk unit weight of a soil when it is 100 percent saturated.

A

Saturated Unit Weight

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9
Q

the hydraulic gradient that brings a soil (essentially, Coarse-grained soils) to static liquefaction

A

Critical hydraulic gradient

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10
Q

The ratio of the mass of the solids (soil grains) to the total unit volume of soil.

A

Dry density

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10
Q

The ratio of the total mass to the total volume of a unit of soil.

A

Density

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11
Q

Also, buoyant density. Difference between the total density and the density of water.

A

Submerged Density

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12
Q

Also, relative density. The density of a granular soil relative to the minimum and maximum densities achieved for that particular soil.

A

Density index

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13
Q

used to describe the degree of firmness of soil

A

Consistency

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14
Q

the attraction of one water molecule to another resulting from hydrogen bonding (water-water bond).

A

Cohesion

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15
Q

It involves the attraction of a water molecule to a non-water molecule (water-solid bond).

A

Adhesion

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16
Q

The capacity of soil to adhere to other objects.

A

Stickiness

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17
Q

It is estimated at moisture content that displays maximum adherence between thumb and forefinger.

A

Stickiness

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18
Q

a field measure of the ability of the soil to withstand an applied stress or pressure

A

Rupture Resistance

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19
Q

the limits of water content used to define soil behavior

A

Atterberg’s Limit

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20
Q

defined as the moisture content at which soil begins to behave as a liquid material and begins to flow

A

Liquid Limit

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21
Q

The device used in this method consists of a brass cup and a hard rubber.

A

Cup Method To Determine Liquid Limit

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22
Q

The moisture content at which the transition from Semi-Solid to Plastic state.

A

Plastic Limit

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23
Q

The moisture content at which no further volume change occurs with further reduction in moisture content.

A

Shrinkage Limit

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24
Q

ratio which signifies the relative consistency of a cohesive in the natural state

A

Liquidity Index

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25
Q

Degree a soil can be molded or reworked causing permanent deformation without rupturing.

A

Plasticity

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26
Q

The ratio of the difference between the liquid limit and water content to the difference between the liquid limit and the plasticity index.

A

Consistency Index

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27
Q

difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil

A

Plasticity index

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28
Q

The difference between the plastic and shrinkage limits

A

Shrinkage index

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29
Q

Soils formed by the weathered products at their place of origin

A

Residual Soil

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30
Q

Soils formed by deposition of quiet lakes

A

Lacustrine Soil

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31
Q

Soils transported by running water and deposited along streams

A

Alluvial Soil

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32
Q

Soils formed by the transportation and deposition of glaciers

A

Glacial Soil

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33
Q

Soils deformed by deposition in the seas

A

Marine Soil

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34
Q

Soil with occasional particles of quartz, feldspar and other minerals

A

Gravel Soil

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35
Q

Soils transported and deposited by wind

A

Aelian Soil

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36
Q

defined the ratio of the plasticity index to the percent of clay size fraction , by weight as Activity

A

Skempton

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37
Q

used to determine the grain size distribution of coarse-grained soil

A

Sieve Analysis

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38
Q

used to determine the grain size distribution of the soils passing the No. 200 sieve

A

Hydrometer Analysis

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39
Q

this diameter in the particle size distribution curve corresponding to `10% finer

A

Effective Size

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40
Q

The four parameters defined in a particle-size distribution curve.

A

Coefficient of Uniformity
Coefficient of Gradation
Coefficient of Curvature
Sorting Coefficient

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41
Q

defined as the ratio between the grain diameter (in millimeters) corresponding to 60 percent passing on the curve (D60) divided by the diameter of the 10 percent (D10) passing

A

Coefficient of Uniformity

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42
Q

is defined as the ratio between the square of the grain diameter (in millimeter) corresponding to 30 percent passing on the curve (D30) divided by the product of the grain diameter of the 60 percent (D60) passing and the grain diameter of the 10 percent (D10) passing

A

Coefficient of Gradation

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43
Q

A measure of the shape parameter obtained from a grain size distribution curve

A

Coefficient of curvature

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44
Q

A type of soil in the particle size distribution curve in which most of the soil grains are the same size

A

Poorly Graded

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45
Q

According to the present form of the system, soil can be classified according to eight major groups, A-1 through A-8, based on the grain size distribution, liquid limit and plasticity indices.

A

AASHTO System

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46
Q

This soil classification system can be applied to most unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-letter symbol.

A

USCS System

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47
Q

Soils with more than 50% by weight of grains retained on the #200 sieve (0.075mm).

A

Coarse-grained soils

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48
Q

Silt and clay soils. Soils containing particles smaller than No. 200 sieve or 0.075 mm in size according to the Unified Soil Classification System

A

Fine-grained soils

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49
Q

According to the USCS Soil
Classification of a soil particle whose size is greater than 75 mm is called___.

A

Cobbles

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50
Q

also called as Textural classification system

A

USDA System

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51
Q

Soil particles which are finer (smaller) than 0.002 mm in size

A

Clay

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52
Q

volume change in soils which air is expelled from the voids

A

Compaction

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53
Q

reasons why soil, when placed in a dense state is to be compacted

  • increase cohesion
  • decrease future settlements
  • increase future settlements
  • decrease moisture content
A
  • Increase shear strength
  • To decrease future settlements
  • To decrease permeability
  • To increase the stability of slopes
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54
Q

Standard procedure for
determining the field unit weight of compacted soil
a. Nuclear method
b. Sand cone method
c. Rubber ballon method
d. All of the above

A

d. All of the above

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55
Q

the moisture content at which the maximum dry unit weight is attained

A

Optimum moisture content

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56
Q

The laboratory test generally used to obtain the max dry unit weight of compaction and the optimum moisture content

A

Proctor Compaction Test

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57
Q

the property of soil which permits flow of water or other liquids through or it is the case with which water can flow through it

A

Permeability

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58
Q

A soil property obtained in the laboratory from a Proctor test. Density of soil at 100% compaction.

A

Maximum dry density

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59
Q

a factor that indicates if the volume of flow is to be great or small, relative to the ease or difficulty with which water moves through the soil

A

Coefficient of Permeability

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60
Q

The constant average discharge velocity of water passing through soil when the hydraulic gradient is equal to 1.0

A

Hydraulic conductivity

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61
Q

Clays are considered relatively _______, while sands and gravels are considered _______.

A

impervious, pervious

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62
Q

the ability of an aquifer to transmit water through its entire thickness

A

Transmissivity or Transmissibility

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63
Q

quantity of water flowing in unit time through a unit gross cross sectional area of soil at right angles to the direction of flow

A

Discharge velocity

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64
Q

this is used to determine the coefficient of permeability of coarse-grained soil

A

Constant head test

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65
Q

this is used to determine the coefficient of permeability of fine grained soil

A

Falling Head Test

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66
Q

The coefficient of permeability of soil depends on:
a. fluid viscosity and pore size distribution
b. grain size distribution and degree of saturation
c. roughness of soil particles and degree of saturation
d. all of these

A

D

67
Q

The magnitude of the lowering of a water table, usually near a well being pumped

A

Drawdown

68
Q

The sum of the vertical components of the forces developed at the given surface.

A

Effective Stress

69
Q

The increase in stress caused by foundation and other loads compresses a soil layer which is caused by:

  1. Deformation of soil particles
  2. Relocations of soil particles
  3. Expulsions of water on air from the void spaces
  4. Expulsions of air from the void spaces
A
  1. Deformation of soil particles
  2. Relocations of soil particles
  3. Expulsions of water on air from the void spaces
70
Q

The result of volume change in saturated cohesive soils because of the expulsion of water that occupies the void spaces

A

Primary consolidation settlement

71
Q

The result of the plastic adjustment of soil fabrics.

A

Secondary consolidation settlement

72
Q

Caused by the elastic deformation of dry soil and of moist and saturated soils without any change in the moisture content

A

Immediate settlement

73
Q

The logarithmic slope of the primary consolidation curve.

A

Compression index

74
Q

The slope of the normal compression line and critical state line of the Casagrande Method

A

Compressibility index/compression index

75
Q

smaller in magnitude than the compression index

A

Swell Index

76
Q

Generally decreases as the liquid limit of soil increases and its range of variation is rather wide.

A

Coefficient of Consolidation

77
Q

Ratio of preconsolidation pressure to present effective overburden pressure.

A

Overconsolidation ratio

78
Q

Which of the following is not a component of the soil mass?
- Gas
- Organic Matter
- Minerals
- None on the list

A

None on the list

79
Q

It is the oldest and simplest form of shear test arrangement.

A

Direct Shear Test

80
Q

Laboratory test used to determine the relationship of shear strength to consolidation stress.

A

Direct shear test

81
Q

It is one of the most reliable methods available for determining the shear strength parameters.

A

Triaxial Shear Test

82
Q

An aquifer that is contained between two stratifications of low permeability soil or rock.

A

Confined aquifer

83
Q

From this test, the undrained shear strength is calculated as 1/2 of the unconfined compressive strength.

A

Unconfined Compressive Strength Test

84
Q

considered to be equal to the undrained shear strength

A

Cohesion

84
Q

The shear strength of a saturated soil at a given water content under loading conditions where no drainage of pore water can take place.

A

Undrained shear strength

85
Q

Coulomb’s equation is named after_____.

A

Charles Augustin Coulomb

85
Q

An equation relating the shear strength of soil to the normal effective stress on the failure plane

A

Coulomb’s equation

86
Q

The difference between the axial and radial stresses of a triaxial test sample

A

Deviator stress

87
Q

A strain parameter used in the interpretation of triaxial stress test results.

A

Triaxial shear strain

88
Q

Laboratory tests that are used to determine the soils’ strength characteristics such as cohesion and angle of internal friction.

A

Triaxial stress test

89
Q

A condition that exists when the water table piezometric surface lies above the ground level.

A

Artesian

90
Q

The ratio of effective shear and normal stresses mobilized at any state prior to failure.

A

Angle of shearing resistance

91
Q

Force acting normal to the plane of reference

A

Normal force

92
Q

The mean value of the three orthogonal stresses

A

Mean normal stress

93
Q

Normal stresses acting in the direction of principal axes of stress

A

Principal stresses

94
Q

The force per unit area acting tangentially to a given plane or surface

A

Shear stress

95
Q

The force per unit area exerted by soil on a retaining wall

A

Earth pressure

96
Q

ratio between lateral and vertical principal effective stresses when an earth retaining structure moves away from a retained soil

A

Active earth pressure coefficient

97
Q

ratio between lateral and vertical principal effective stresses when an earth retaining structure is forced against a soil mass

A

Passive earth pressure coefficient

98
Q

An earth pressure theory that assumes that failure occurs along a flat plane behind the retaining structure at an angle that is in part derived from the angle of internal friction

A

Coulomb earth pressure theory

98
Q

Cracks appearing at the surface of a soil mass, often adjacent to a retaining wall or top of a failing slope.

A

Tension crack

99
Q

The depth of a tension crack from the ground surface to a depth at which the horizontal effective stress is zero

A

Tension crack depth

100
Q

a result of excessive lateral earth pressures with relation to retaining wall resistance thereby causing the retaining wall system to topple or rotate

A

Overturning failure

101
Q

part of a structure which transmits the building load into the underlying soil

A

Foundation

102
Q

consisting of a small slab for transmitting the re load to the underlying soil

A

Footings

103
Q

the working pressure that would ensure a margin of safety against collapse of the re from shear failure

A

Allowable bearing capacity or safe bearing capacity

103
Q

the depth below the ground surface where the base of the foundation rests

A

Embedment depth

104
Q

the maximum pressure that the soil can support

A

Ultimate bearing capacity

105
Q

defined as that pressure causing a shear failure of the supporting soil lying immediately and adjacent to the footing

A

Ultimate bearing capacity

106
Q

the pressure (effective stress) of the soil removed fraction of the to place the footing

A

Overburden pressure

107
Q

the ratio of the ultimate net bearing to the allowable bearing cap ng capacity or to the applied maximum vertical stress

A

Factor of safety or safety factor

108
Q

a process by which water saturated soil sediment temporarily loss strength and acts as a fluid

A

Liquefaction

109
Q

method used to determine the ability of the soil to support the required load in a safe manner without gross distortion resulting from objectionable settlement

A

Bearing Capacity Analysis

110
Q

According to his theory the depth of the foundation is shallow if the depth of the
foundation is less than or equal to the width of the foundation.

A

Terzhagi

111
Q

Isolated/ spread footing that is circular shaped. Usually a shallow footing

A

Circular Footing

112
Q

A horizontally long footing supporting a wall.

A

Strip footing

113
Q

A footing designed to support a structural load from a single column. Usually a shallow foundation, and square or circular in shape

A

Spread footing

114
Q

He proposed a correlation for the net allowable bearing pressure for foundation with the standard penetration resistance.

A

Meyorhof

114
Q

A horizontally long footing supporting a wall.

A

Continuous footing

115
Q

he proposed what is referred to as the general bearing capacity equation

A

Hansen

116
Q

Also, skin resistance or side resistance. The bearing capacity for the shaft of one member of a deep foundation system

A

Skin-friction capacity

117
Q

structure whose primary purpose is to prevent lateral movement of earth or some material

A

Retaining wall

118
Q

Usually built of-plain concrete. This type of wall depends only on its own weight for stability, and hence, its height is subject to some definite practical limits.

A

Gravity retraining wall

119
Q

In essence, a gravity wall that has been given a wider base (a toe or heel or both) to increase its stability.

A

Semi-gravity wall

120
Q

The most common cantilever wall. For this type of wall, the weight of the earth in the back of the stem (the backfill) contributes to its stability.

A

T-shaped wall

121
Q

used when property line restrictions forbid the use of a T-shaped wall

A

L-shaped wall

121
Q

Its main components are base, stem, and intermittent vertical ribes called counterforts, which tie the base and the stem together.

A

Counterfort retaining wall

122
Q

constructed by placing the ribs on the front face of the stem where they act in compression

A

Buttressed wall

122
Q

A structure that is short and typically accompanied by wing walls

A

Bridge abutment

123
Q

the component of shear strength of a rock or soil that causes interparticle friction

A

Cohesion

124
Q

The use of bracing to laterally support the side-walls of temporary trenches or cuts.

A

Braced excavation

125
Q

Steel section panels that are driven into the ground to provide lateral support

A

Sheet pile

126
Q

For a given pile in a group of piles, the ratio of the average ultimate load in the group to the individual ultimate load on the given pile.

A

Efficiency of a pile

127
Q

A pile that derives the majority of its load bearing ability from the skin friction between the soil and the pile.

A

Friction pile

128
Q

A slender member of a deep foundation system that is driven (hammered), drilled or jetted into the ground.

A

Pile

129
Q

The distance from center to center of piles

A

Pile spacing

130
Q

used when temporary trenches for are opened in soil

A

Bracing

131
Q

an excavation in which the active earth pressure from one bulkhead is used to support the facing bulkhead

A

Braced cut

132
Q

For a given soil, the angle on the graph of the shear stress and normal effective stresses at which shear failure occurs.

A

Angle of internal friction

133
Q

The maximum angle, just before failure, of a slope composed of granular material.

A

Angle of repose

133
Q

The angle referred to horizontal of a plane or other surface along which a discontinuous slip or rupture may occur

A

Angle of slip plane

134
Q

failure that is a result of excessive lateral earth pressures with relation to retaining wall resistance thereby causing the retaining wall system to move away (slide) from the soil it retains.

A

Sliding

135
Q

In a slope stability analyses, the slip circle that corresponds to the lowest factor of safety.

A

Critical circle

136
Q

The angle of the ground slope that corresponds to a factor of safety of 1.0 relative to the slope stability.

A

Critical ground slope angle

137
Q

The height of a slope that corresponds to a factor of safety of 1.0 relative to slope fail

A

Critical height

138
Q

For a given soil, the graph of the shear stress and normal effective stresses at which shear failure occurs

A

Failure envelope

138
Q

It is a type of failure occurs in a such a way that the surface of sliding passes at a distance below the toe of the slope.

A

Base Failure

139
Q

It is a type of failure occurs in a such a way that the surface of sliding intersects the slope or above its toe.

A

Slope Failure

140
Q

Sometimes called a raft foundation.

A

Mat foundation

141
Q

A structural slab utilized as a footing, which usually encompasses the entire building footprint.

A

Mat foundation

142
Q

Removal of water from a job site. Usually by pumping from excavations.

A

Dewater

143
Q

Removing soils from a sea, river or lake bed in order to deepen the waterway for water travel.

A

Dredging

144
Q

The rate at which soil consolidates without lateral strain. It measures one-dimensional consolidation.

A

Coefficient of Consolidation

145
Q

A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly.

A

Water hammer

146
Q

A line joining the points of highest elevation of water in series of vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure.

A

Hydraulic grade line

147
Q

If the ground water table rises due to flooding, the bearing capacity of the soil:
- decreases
- unaffected
- depends on footing load
- increases

A

decreases

148
Q

One of the following does not affect bearing capacity:
- Unit weight of soil
- load imposed onto soil
- position of gwt
- depth of footing

A

load imposed onto soil

149
Q

According to NSCP, the slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than is safe for intended use and shall be no steeper than:

A

1V:2H

150
Q

Happens when a cohesionless saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress, in which material
that is ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid.

A

Liquefaction

151
Q

A cohesive soil deposit is considered soft if the unconfined compression strength is:
- 0-24
- 48-96
- 96-192
- 24-48

A

24-48

152
Q

A cohesive soil is considered soft is the unconfined compression strength is between

A

0-24

153
Q

How high is the atmosphere above sea level in m?

A

8500m

154
Q

The temperature at which the liquid water has the highest density

A

4°

155
Q

“Pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted equally and undiminished in all portions of the liquid.”

A

Pascal’s Principle

156
Q

“In a stream flowing steadily w/o friction, the total energy contained is the same at every point in its path of flow.”

A

Bernoulli

157
Q

Atterberg Limit test is done on aggregates that pass through what sieve number?

A

40

BOARD EXAM (5 decks)

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