HGE Flashcards
(168 cards)
1
Q
The ratio of the volume of void space to the volume of solid substance.
A
Void Ratio
2
Q
The ratio of the volume of voids to the volume of the soil sample or specimen. It is simply the open space between the soil grains.
A
Porosity
3
Q
The ratio of the volume of water in the void spaces to the volume of the voids.
A
Degree of Saturation
4
Q
The ratio of weight of water to the weight of solids in a given volume of soil.
A
Moisture Content
4
Q
It is simply the measure of the void volume that is filled by water, expressed as a percentage ranging from 0 to 100.
A
Degree of Saturation
5
Q
the weight of soil per unit volume
A
Unit Weight
6
Q
the weight per unit volume of soil, excluding water
A
Dry Unit Weight
7
Q
known as total, wet or moist unit weight. It is the total weight divided by the total volume
A
Bulk unit weight
8
Q
the bulk unit weight of a soil when it is 100 percent saturated.
A
Saturated Unit Weight
9
Q
the hydraulic gradient that brings a soil (essentially, Coarse-grained soils) to static liquefaction
A
Critical hydraulic gradient
10
Q
The ratio of the mass of the solids (soil grains) to the total unit volume of soil.
A
Dry density
10
Q
The ratio of the total mass to the total volume of a unit of soil.
A
Density
11
Q
Also, buoyant density. Difference between the total density and the density of water.
A
Submerged Density
12
Q
Also, relative density. The density of a granular soil relative to the minimum and maximum densities achieved for that particular soil.
A
Density index
13
Q
used to describe the degree of firmness of soil
A
Consistency
14
Q
the attraction of one water molecule to another resulting from hydrogen bonding (water-water bond).
A
Cohesion
15
Q
It involves the attraction of a water molecule to a non-water molecule (water-solid bond).
A
Adhesion
16
Q
The capacity of soil to adhere to other objects.
A
Stickiness
17
Q
It is estimated at moisture content that displays maximum adherence between thumb and forefinger.
A
Stickiness
18
Q
a field measure of the ability of the soil to withstand an applied stress or pressure
A
Rupture Resistance
19
Q
the limits of water content used to define soil behavior
A
Atterberg’s Limit
20
Q
defined as the moisture content at which soil begins to behave as a liquid material and begins to flow
A
Liquid Limit
21
Q
The device used in this method consists of a brass cup and a hard rubber.
A
Cup Method To Determine Liquid Limit
22
Q
The moisture content at which the transition from Semi-Solid to Plastic state.
A
Plastic Limit
23
The moisture content at which no further volume change occurs with further reduction in moisture content.
Shrinkage Limit
24
ratio which signifies the relative consistency of a cohesive in the natural state
Liquidity Index
25
Degree a soil can be molded or reworked causing permanent deformation without rupturing.
Plasticity
26
The ratio of the difference between the liquid limit and water content to the difference between the liquid limit and the plasticity index.
Consistency Index
27
difference between the liquid limit and plastic limit of a soil
Plasticity index
28
The difference between the plastic and shrinkage limits
Shrinkage index
29
Soils formed by the weathered products at their place of origin
Residual Soil
30
Soils formed by deposition of quiet lakes
Lacustrine Soil
31
Soils transported by running water and deposited along streams
Alluvial Soil
32
Soils formed by the transportation and deposition of glaciers
Glacial Soil
33
Soils deformed by deposition in the seas
Marine Soil
34
Soil with occasional particles of quartz, feldspar and other minerals
Gravel Soil
35
Soils transported and deposited by wind
Aelian Soil
36
defined the ratio of the plasticity index to the percent of clay size fraction , by weight as Activity
Skempton
37
used to determine the grain size distribution of coarse-grained soil
Sieve Analysis
38
used to determine the grain size distribution of the soils passing the No. 200 sieve
Hydrometer Analysis
39
this diameter in the particle size distribution curve corresponding to `10% finer
Effective Size
40
The four parameters defined in a particle-size distribution curve.
Coefficient of Uniformity
Coefficient of Gradation
Coefficient of Curvature
Sorting Coefficient
41
defined as the ratio between the grain diameter (in millimeters) corresponding to 60 percent passing on the curve (D60) divided by the diameter of the 10 percent (D10) passing
Coefficient of Uniformity
42
is defined as the ratio between the square of the grain diameter (in millimeter) corresponding to 30 percent passing on the curve (D30) divided by the product of the grain diameter of the 60 percent (D60) passing and the grain diameter of the 10 percent (D10) passing
Coefficient of Gradation
43
A measure of the shape parameter obtained from a grain size distribution curve
Coefficient of curvature
44
A type of soil in the particle size distribution curve in which most of the soil grains are the same size
Poorly Graded
45
According to the present form of the system, soil can be classified according to eight major groups, A-1 through A-8, based on the grain size distribution, liquid limit and plasticity indices.
AASHTO System
46
This soil classification system can be applied to most unconsolidated materials, and is represented by a two-letter symbol.
USCS System
47
Soils with more than 50% by weight of grains retained on the #200 sieve (0.075mm).
Coarse-grained soils
48
Silt and clay soils. Soils containing particles smaller than No. 200 sieve or 0.075 mm in size according to the Unified Soil Classification System
Fine-grained soils
49
According to the USCS Soil
Classification of a soil particle whose size is greater than 75 mm is called___.
Cobbles
50
also called as Textural classification system
USDA System
51
Soil particles which are finer (smaller) than 0.002 mm in size
Clay
52
volume change in soils which air is expelled from the voids
Compaction
53
reasons why soil, when placed in a dense state is to be compacted
- increase cohesion
- decrease future settlements
- increase future settlements
- decrease moisture content
- Increase shear strength
- To decrease future settlements
- To decrease permeability
- To increase the stability of slopes
54
Standard procedure for
determining the field unit weight of compacted soil
a. Nuclear method
b. Sand cone method
c. Rubber ballon method
d. All of the above
d. All of the above
55
the moisture content at which the maximum dry unit weight is attained
Optimum moisture content
56
The laboratory test generally used to obtain the max dry unit weight of compaction and the optimum moisture content
Proctor Compaction Test
57
the property of soil which permits flow of water or other liquids through or it is the case with which water can flow through it
Permeability
58
A soil property obtained in the laboratory from a Proctor test. Density of soil at 100% compaction.
Maximum dry density
59
a factor that indicates if the volume of flow is to be great or small, relative to the ease or difficulty with which water moves through the soil
Coefficient of Permeability
60
The constant average discharge velocity of water passing through soil when the hydraulic gradient is equal to 1.0
Hydraulic conductivity
61
Clays are considered relatively _______, while sands and gravels are considered _______.
impervious, pervious
62
the ability of an aquifer to transmit water through its entire thickness
Transmissivity or Transmissibility
63
quantity of water flowing in unit time through a unit gross cross sectional area of soil at right angles to the direction of flow
Discharge velocity
64
this is used to determine the coefficient of permeability of coarse-grained soil
Constant head test
65
this is used to determine the coefficient of permeability of fine grained soil
Falling Head Test
66
The coefficient of permeability of soil depends on:
a. fluid viscosity and pore size distribution
b. grain size distribution and degree of saturation
c. roughness of soil particles and degree of saturation
d. all of these
D
67
The magnitude of the lowering of a water table, usually near a well being pumped
Drawdown
68
The sum of the vertical components of the forces developed at the given surface.
Effective Stress
69
The increase in stress caused by foundation and other loads compresses a soil layer which is caused by:
1. Deformation of soil particles
2. Relocations of soil particles
3. Expulsions of water on air from the void spaces
4. Expulsions of air from the void spaces
1. Deformation of soil particles
2. Relocations of soil particles
3. Expulsions of water on air from the void spaces
70
The result of volume change in saturated cohesive soils because of the expulsion of water that occupies the void spaces
Primary consolidation settlement
71
The result of the plastic adjustment of soil fabrics.
Secondary consolidation settlement
72
Caused by the elastic deformation of dry soil and of moist and saturated soils without any change in the moisture content
Immediate settlement
73
The logarithmic slope of the primary consolidation curve.
Compression index
74
The slope of the normal compression line and critical state line of the Casagrande Method
Compressibility index/compression index
75
smaller in magnitude than the compression index
Swell Index
76
Generally decreases as the liquid limit of soil increases and its range of variation is rather wide.
Coefficient of Consolidation
77
Ratio of preconsolidation pressure to present effective overburden pressure.
Overconsolidation ratio
78
Which of the following is not a component of the soil mass?
- Gas
- Organic Matter
- Minerals
- None on the list
None on the list
79
It is the oldest and simplest form of shear test arrangement.
Direct Shear Test
80
Laboratory test used to determine the relationship of shear strength to consolidation stress.
Direct shear test
81
It is one of the most reliable methods available for determining the shear strength parameters.
Triaxial Shear Test
82
An aquifer that is contained between two stratifications of low permeability soil or rock.
Confined aquifer
83
From this test, the undrained shear strength is calculated as 1/2 of the unconfined compressive strength.
Unconfined Compressive Strength Test
84
considered to be equal to the undrained shear strength
Cohesion
84
The shear strength of a saturated soil at a given water content under loading conditions where no drainage of pore water can take place.
Undrained shear strength
85
Coulomb's equation is named after_____.
Charles Augustin Coulomb
85
An equation relating the shear strength of soil to the normal effective stress on the failure plane
Coulomb's equation
86
The difference between the axial and radial stresses of a triaxial test sample
Deviator stress
87
A strain parameter used in the interpretation of triaxial stress test results.
Triaxial shear strain
88
Laboratory tests that are used to determine the soils' strength characteristics such as cohesion and angle of internal friction.
Triaxial stress test
89
A condition that exists when the water table piezometric surface lies above the ground level.
Artesian
90
The ratio of effective shear and normal stresses mobilized at any state prior to failure.
Angle of shearing resistance
91
Force acting normal to the plane of reference
Normal force
92
The mean value of the three orthogonal stresses
Mean normal stress
93
Normal stresses acting in the direction of principal axes of stress
Principal stresses
94
The force per unit area acting tangentially to a given plane or surface
Shear stress
95
The force per unit area exerted by soil on a retaining wall
Earth pressure
96
ratio between lateral and vertical principal effective stresses when an earth retaining structure moves away from a retained soil
Active earth pressure coefficient
97
ratio between lateral and vertical principal effective stresses when an earth retaining structure is forced against a soil mass
Passive earth pressure coefficient
98
An earth pressure theory that assumes that failure occurs along a flat plane behind the retaining structure at an angle that is in part derived from the angle of internal friction
Coulomb earth pressure theory
98
Cracks appearing at the surface of a soil mass, often adjacent to a retaining wall or top of a failing slope.
Tension crack
99
The depth of a tension crack from the ground surface to a depth at which the horizontal effective stress is zero
Tension crack depth
100
a result of excessive lateral earth pressures with relation to retaining wall resistance thereby causing the retaining wall system to topple or rotate
Overturning failure
101
part of a structure which transmits the building load into the underlying soil
Foundation
102
consisting of a small slab for transmitting the re load to the underlying soil
Footings
103
the working pressure that would ensure a margin of safety against collapse of the re from shear failure
Allowable bearing capacity or safe bearing capacity
103
the depth below the ground surface where the base of the foundation rests
Embedment depth
104
the maximum pressure that the soil can support
Ultimate bearing capacity
105
defined as that pressure causing a shear failure of the supporting soil lying immediately and adjacent to the footing
Ultimate bearing capacity
106
the pressure (effective stress) of the soil removed fraction of the to place the footing
Overburden pressure
107
the ratio of the ultimate net bearing to the allowable bearing cap ng capacity or to the applied maximum vertical stress
Factor of safety or safety factor
108
a process by which water saturated soil sediment temporarily loss strength and acts as a fluid
Liquefaction
109
method used to determine the ability of the soil to support the required load in a safe manner without gross distortion resulting from objectionable settlement
Bearing Capacity Analysis
110
According to his theory the depth of the foundation is shallow if the depth of the
foundation is less than or equal to the width of the foundation.
Terzhagi
111
Isolated/ spread footing that is circular shaped. Usually a shallow footing
Circular Footing
112
A horizontally long footing supporting a wall.
Strip footing
113
A footing designed to support a structural load from a single column. Usually a shallow foundation, and square or circular in shape
Spread footing
114
He proposed a correlation for the net allowable bearing pressure for foundation with the standard penetration resistance.
Meyorhof
114
A horizontally long footing supporting a wall.
Continuous footing
115
he proposed what is referred to as the general bearing capacity equation
Hansen
116
Also, skin resistance or side resistance. The bearing capacity for the shaft of one member of a deep foundation system
Skin-friction capacity
117
structure whose primary purpose is to prevent lateral movement of earth or some material
Retaining wall
118
Usually built of-plain concrete. This type of wall depends only on its own weight for stability, and hence, its height is subject to some definite practical limits.
Gravity retraining wall
119
In essence, a gravity wall that has been given a wider base (a toe or heel or both) to increase its stability.
Semi-gravity wall
120
The most common cantilever wall. For this type of wall, the weight of the earth in the back of the stem (the backfill) contributes to its stability.
T-shaped wall
121
used when property line restrictions forbid the use of a T-shaped wall
L-shaped wall
121
Its main components are base, stem, and intermittent vertical ribes called counterforts, which tie the base and the stem together.
Counterfort retaining wall
122
constructed by placing the ribs on the front face of the stem where they act in compression
Buttressed wall
122
A structure that is short and typically accompanied by wing walls
Bridge abutment
123
the component of shear strength of a rock or soil that causes interparticle friction
Cohesion
124
The use of bracing to laterally support the side-walls of temporary trenches or cuts.
Braced excavation
125
Steel section panels that are driven into the ground to provide lateral support
Sheet pile
126
For a given pile in a group of piles, the ratio of the average ultimate load in the group to the individual ultimate load on the given pile.
Efficiency of a pile
127
A pile that derives the majority of its load bearing ability from the skin friction between the soil and the pile.
Friction pile
128
A slender member of a deep foundation system that is driven (hammered), drilled or jetted into the ground.
Pile
129
The distance from center to center of piles
Pile spacing
130
used when temporary trenches for are opened in soil
Bracing
131
an excavation in which the active earth pressure from one bulkhead is used to support the facing bulkhead
Braced cut
132
For a given soil, the angle on the graph of the shear stress and normal effective stresses at which shear failure occurs.
Angle of internal friction
133
The maximum angle, just before failure, of a slope composed of granular material.
Angle of repose
133
The angle referred to horizontal of a plane or other surface along which a discontinuous slip or rupture may occur
Angle of slip plane
134
failure that is a result of excessive lateral earth pressures with relation to retaining wall resistance thereby causing the retaining wall system to move away (slide) from the soil it retains.
Sliding
135
In a slope stability analyses, the slip circle that corresponds to the lowest factor of safety.
Critical circle
136
The angle of the ground slope that corresponds to a factor of safety of 1.0 relative to the slope stability.
Critical ground slope angle
137
The height of a slope that corresponds to a factor of safety of 1.0 relative to slope fail
Critical height
138
For a given soil, the graph of the shear stress and normal effective stresses at which shear failure occurs
Failure envelope
138
It is a type of failure occurs in a such a way that the surface of sliding passes at a distance below the toe of the slope.
Base Failure
139
It is a type of failure occurs in a such a way that the surface of sliding intersects the slope or above its toe.
Slope Failure
140
Sometimes called a raft foundation.
Mat foundation
141
A structural slab utilized as a footing, which usually encompasses the entire building footprint.
Mat foundation
142
Removal of water from a job site. Usually by pumping from excavations.
Dewater
143
Removing soils from a sea, river or lake bed in order to deepen the waterway for water travel.
Dredging
144
The rate at which soil consolidates without lateral strain. It measures one-dimensional consolidation.
Coefficient of Consolidation
145
A pressure surge or wave caused when a fluid in motion is forced to stop or change direction suddenly.
Water hammer
146
A line joining the points of highest elevation of water in series of vertical open pipes rising from a pipeline in which water flows under pressure.
Hydraulic grade line
147
If the ground water table rises due to flooding, the bearing capacity of the soil:
- decreases
- unaffected
- depends on footing load
- increases
decreases
148
One of the following does not affect bearing capacity:
- Unit weight of soil
- load imposed onto soil
- position of gwt
- depth of footing
load imposed onto soil
149
According to NSCP, the slope of cut surfaces shall be no steeper than is safe for intended use and shall be no steeper than:
1V:2H
150
Happens when a cohesionless saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in response to an applied stress, in which material
that is ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid.
Liquefaction
151
A cohesive soil deposit is considered soft if the unconfined compression strength is:
- 0-24
- 48-96
- 96-192
- 24-48
24-48
152
A cohesive soil is considered soft is the unconfined compression strength is between
0-24
153
How high is the atmosphere above sea level in m?
8500m
154
The temperature at which the liquid water has the highest density
4°
155
“Pressure exerted onto a liquid is transmitted equally and undiminished in all portions of the liquid.”
Pascal’s Principle
156
“In a stream flowing steadily w/o friction, the total energy contained is the same at every point in its path of flow.”
Bernoulli
157
Atterberg Limit test is done on aggregates that pass through what sieve number?
40
