HHD AOS 2 SAC Revision Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Life expectancy definition
A
It is the number of years of life remaining to an individual at a particular age if death rates do not change.
2
Q
What have been the changes in life expectancy in Australia since 1900?
A
In Australia since 1900, life expectancy at birth has increased for both males and females.
3
Q
What have been the changes in age-standardise death rates in Australia since 1900?
A
In Australia since 1900, age-standardise deaths rates have decreased for both males and females.
4
Q
What have been the changes in deaths in children in Australia since 1900?
A
Children (aged 0-4) death numbers have decreased in Australia since 1900.
5
Q
What have been the changes in infectious disease related deaths in Australia since 1900?
A
Rates of infectious disease deaths have decreased since 1900 in Australia.
6
Q
What have been the changes in death rates from cardiovascular disease since 1900 in Australia?
A
Overall, death rates from cardiovascular disease in Australia have decreased since 1900 but initially there was an increase until 1980 and it has decreased since.
7
Q
What was the focus of Old Public Health?
A
Old public health focused on changing the physical environment to prevent the spread of disease.
8
Q
What were the 7 old public health policies and practices?
A
Improved water sanitation Better quality housing Introduction of quarantine laws Better quality food and nutrition Safer work conditions More hygenic birthing practices Mass immunisation programs
9
Q
What is the focus of new public health?
A
Prevention of disease through changing health behaviours of the population
10
Q
New public health definition
A
An approach to health that expands on the traditional focus to consider the ways in which physical, sociocultural and political environments impact on health.
11
Q
What is Medicare?
A
Medicare is Australia’s universal healthcare system that aims to make healthcare accessible for all permanent Australian citizens, regardless of their ability to pay.
12
Q
How is Medicare funded?
A
Medicare Levy (2% tax of income) Medicare Levy Surcharge (additional 1-1.5% tax on income for high-income earners who don't have private health insurance) General taxation
13
Q
What is the Medicare Safety Net?
A
The Medicare safety net is a threshold that ensures people who require frequent Medicare-covered services are given additional financial support, often through further reductions of costs.
14
Q
What is a schedule fee and how much is it?
A
A schedule fee is the amount of money that Medicare contributes towards consultations and treatments.
It is $37.60
15
Q
What is Bulk Billing?
A
Bulk billing refers to when a doctor charges only the schedule fee to patients, meaning they have no out-of-pocket costs as Medicare covers it all.
16
Q
How is Medicare sustainable?
A
Medicare is sustainable through its funding.
Medicare does not cover all services meaning only the necessary ones are funded so money is spent wisely and effectively.
17
Q
How is Medicare accessible?
A
It subsidises costs for many treatments and consultations meaning people of all incomes can access them.Medicare as a whole is targeted at low-income earners as they get extra benefits like not having to pay the Medicare levy etc. This makes it easier for them to afford services covered by Medicare, increasing their ability to access it.
18
Q
How is Medicare equitable?
A
Medicare offers a safety net, which ensures those who require frequent services are given additional financial support, meaning those disadvantaged are still able to use the services, making things fairer.
19
Q
What is the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme and its aim? (PBS)
A
The Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) is a service that assists for paying for medicine by subsidising costs. It aims to provide essential medicines to the people who need it, regardless of their ability to pay.
20
Q
What is the PBS Safety Net?
A
The PBS Safety Net is a protection that ensures people who spend a large amount on medicines under the PBS list are given extra financial support often in the form of further reduction of costs of medicines.
21
Q
How does the PBS improve health status of Australians?
A
The PBS can improve the health status of Australians as it increases the accessibility of medicines needed to promote good health. This means more people are able to get the medicines they need to treat illnesses, reducing mortality rates and improving life expectancy, overall improving health status.
22
Q
What is the NDIS?
A
It is a scheme that provides support to people with disability as well their family and carers. It is co-funded by the federal government and state governments.
23
Q
What is the eligibility criteria for the NDIS?
A
To be eligible for the NDIS, you must
- Have a permanent and significant disability
- Be an Australian citizen under 65 years of age
- Need constant support from a person/carer or equipment like a wheelchair to do day-to-day activities,
24
Q
What is the first step of accessing the NDIS?
A
Filling out and sending in either digitally or physically an access request form.
25
What does the NDIS help participants do?
The NDIS assists participants in daily personal activities, transport to enable community participation, therapeutic support, resources and support to help find employment, home and vehicle modifications to suit needs, and provide mobility equipment if required.
26
What is assistive technology?
Assistive technology, as defined by the WHO, is any device or system that allows individuals to perform tasks they would otherwise be unable to do or increases the ease and safety of which tasks can be performed.
27
How is the PBS funded?
Funded by:
- General tax
- Co-payment for medicines
28
How is the PBS sustainable?
Having co-payment amounts and tax percentages increase each year with inflation to ensure funding is maintained and consistent means the PBS can last long term even if it is costly to run for the govt.
29
How is the PBS accessible?
It subsidises costs for essential medicines for Australian citizens and residents so more people are able to afford them and therefore access them.
30
How is the PBS equitable?
PBS offers a safety net to ensure that people who spend large amounts on medicines on the PBS list are given extra financial support through further reductions in costs.
Those that meet the criteria for a concession card also receive significant reductions in how much they need to co-pay for medicines, making the PBS list more accessible to them and therefore, providing them fairer access as they are less able to afford them.
31
How is the NDIS sustainable?
Each participant receives an individual plan which means only necessary funds are spent on each person. As a result, more people can access NDIS and experience improved health outcomes, meaning the NDIS can succeed long term.
32
How is the NDIS accessible?
It provides people with a permanent significant disability access to ramps, carers etc. so they can lead a normal life.
If you meet the criteria, you can access the NDIS, no matter where you live.
33
How is the NDIS equitable?
The individualised plan NDIS participants have can identify those who need extra support and require more assistance than others so they can be offered that extra support.
34
What is Private Health Insurance?
Private Health Insurance is a type of health insurance where people play a premium in return for payment of health-related services not covered by Medicare. It is an additional insurance on top of Medicare.
35
What are the 3 private health insurance offers?
Basic hospital cover
Extras cover
Comprehensive cover
36
How does PHI work?
PHI works by participants paying a premium for extra benefits and services not covered by Medicare. These include the right to be admitted as a private patient into a private hospital, access to alternative services for cheaper prices like podiatry, physiotherapy etc.
37
What are the 3 PHI incentives?
Lifetime Cover
Medicare Levy Surcharge
Rebate
38
What is Lifetime Health Cover?
It is an incentive that encourages young people to take out PHI before the age of 30 and keep it for life, as those who take out PHI after 30 must pay an extra 2% on their premiums for every year after their 30th birthday they don’t take it out. To avoid those extra costs, young people are encouraged to take out PHI.
39
What is the Medicare Surcharge Levy?
The Medicare Surcharge Levy is an extra 1-1.5% tax on income for high-income earners who have not taken out private health insurance.
40
What is the rebate?
The rebate refunds people up to 26% back on their PHI depending on their income. Low income earners get the most back as they are less able to afford it, so this encourages them to take PHI up as they will be getting more affordable costs for the premiums they pay for services PHI covers.
41
Advantages of PHI
- Enables access to private hospital care
- Choice of doctor in any hospital
- Shorter waiting times for some medical procedures
- Can potentially cover alternative service costs like chiropractor, physiotherapy, podiatry etc.
- Keeps costs of Medicare under control as it is an alternative option to public health, putting less pressure on the Public Health system.
42
Disadvantages of PHI
- Costly as premiums can be expensive
- Insurance does not always cover the whole fee so patients will still have to have some out-of-pocket payments
- Policies can be complex and hard to understand
43
Similarity between Medicare and PHI
Both allows the customer/patient to have a choice of doctor outside of hosptial services.
44
What is PHI funded by?
Private Health Insurance is funded by:
| - Premiums paid by members
45
How is PHI sustainable?
Incentives like Lifetime Cover and Medicare Levy Surcharge assist in funding and make people more likely to take out PHI. This reduces strain on public health system, improving health outcomes for more people and allowing the public health system to succeed long term.
46
How is PHI accessible?
Allows for access to services that are not covered by Medicare.
47
How is PHI equitable?
Through the incentive PHI rebate, members are given partial refunds on their premiums, and the lower income you have, the higher % rebate you get, making it fair as those people need the money back more than a high income earner, as they have different levels of affordability.
48
What are the Ottawa Charter 5 Action Areas?
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Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
Reorient health services
```
49
What are 2 anti-smoking campaigns?
Quitnow/Quit
| MyQuitBuddy
50
What are 3 Indigenous Australian health initiatives?
Fitzroy Stars Football Club
Feeding the Mob
Aboriginal Quitline
51
How does an Indigenous Australian health initiative BUILD HEALTHY PUBLIC POLICY?
Feeding the Mob builds a healthy public policy through their funding from the federal government and local council, as their ‘healthy indigenous communities initiative’ is a policy.
52
How does an Indigenous Australian health initiative CREATE SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENTS?
The Fitzroy Stars Football Club creates a supportive environment by giving families, players etc. a culturally appropriate place to socialise and participate in sport.
53
How does an Indigenous Australian health initiative STRENGTHEN COMMUNITY ACTION?
The Fitzroy Stars Football Club strengthens community action by bringing together community members and indigenous families to support their football team and participate in volunteering activities that benefit the club/community.
54
How does an Indigenous Australian health initiative DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS?
The Fitzroy Stars Football Club develops the personal skills of their players by providing education on issues common in the indigenous community, like nutrition and employment.
55
How does an Indigenous Australian health initiative REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES?
The Fitzroy Stars Football Club reorients health services by getting health professionals to present weekly sessions relating to preventative healthcare such as receiving regular health checks, warning about the consequences of smoking etc.
56
What are the 3 strategies for health promotion outlined by the Ottawa Charter?
Advocate
Enable
Mediate
57
What is the Ottawa Charter for health promotion?
The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion is an approach to health developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO) that aims to reduce inequalities in health.
58
What does the Ottawa Charter do?
It aims to provide the framework for how organisations/programs can establish health promotion in their ideas, strategies, campaigns and policies.
59
What does the health promotion aim to do through enabling?
Health promotion aims to enable people of all walks of life to access opportunities and resources equally. This enables optimal health and wellbeing. It includes access to education, employment, adequate housing, nutritious food and healthcare.
It aims to empower people, not merely provide handouts. Handouts last a short period; education lasts a lifetime.
60
What does the health promotion aim to do through advocating?
Advocacy for health and wellbeing refers to actions designed to gain support from governments and societies that are necessary to improve health and wellbeing for everyone, such as media campaigns.
61
What does mediating mean in health promotion?
Mediating refers to helping groups who are disputing over changes to funding legislation and policies come to a resolution through facilitating discussion and it includes with working with different groups in the community to come to a compromise on what the best outcome could be for both sides.
62
What is the biomedical approach to health?
The biomedical model of health is an approach to health and wellbeing focussed on diagnosis and treatment that aims to return a person back to pre-illness levels.
63
What are the four main components of the biomedical model of health?
- Focus on individuals rather than population
- Is concerned with disease, illness and disability
- Relies heavily on services provided by doctors, hospitals and other health care professionals
- Relies on technology to diagnose, treat and cure diseases.
64
Why does the biomedical model of health place pressure on the healthcare system?
The biomedical model is very expensive and therefore places financial pressure on the healthcare system. It costs large amounts to develop new medical technologies required for treatment and diagnosis and costs the Australian Government billions per year to support it. As a result, the health care system has a lot of pressure on it.
65
Advantages of the biomedical model of health
- Increases life expectancy by curing previously potentially fatal or more severe conditions
- Improves quality of life through better management of conditions with use of medicine, therapy and surgeries, which can reduce pain and suffering.
- Can lead to improvements in medical technology and research, as without this approach, there would be little knowledge on how to diagnose and treat illnesses.
66
Disadvantages of the biomedical model of health
- Expensive compared to the social model as it relies on expensive medical technology and professional health care workers.
- Not every condition can be treated or cured
- Doesn’t promote health status and good H+W behaviours. While it does treat people’s illnesses, it does not guarantee they will change their behaviours to stay healthy.
67
What are the 5 principles of the social model of health?
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Involves intersectoral collaboration
Addresses the broader determinants of health
Empowers individuals and communities
Acts to enable access to healthcare
Acts to reduce social inequities
```
68
Involves intersectoral collaboration explanation
Refers to government organisations and non-government organisations working together to promote health and wellbeing and improve health status.
69
Addresses the broader determinants of health explanation
Refers to the broader focus new public health has compared to old public health. Old public health only focuses on the physical determinant of health while new public health focuses on multiple determinants such as social, behavioural and environmental factors that may contribute to disease and injury rates.
70
Empowers individuals and communities explanation
Aims to give people the knowledge and skills they need to allow them to participate in decisions that positively impact their health.
71
Acts to enable access to healthcare explanation
Addresses social and environmental barriers that may restrict someone’s ability to access health care such as location and income.
72
Acts to reduce social inequities explanation
Reduce barriers that may prevent people from experiencing good health, aiming to level the playing field.
73
Advantages of Medicare
Patients get a choice of doctor for out of hospital services
Available for ALL australian citizens
Allows Australian citizens to access healthcare for free in other countries that have a reciprocal agreement with Australia
74
Disadvantages of Medicare
No choice of doctor for in-hospital treatments
Longer waiting lists for many treatments, surgeries etc.
Does not cover all services, like alternative therapies like physiotherapy
75
What is good about advances in medical technology?
Extends life expectancy and improves quality of life
76
How does Quitnow STRENGTHEN COMMUNITY ACTION?
Provides links to sources from the QUIT organisation for all states and territories, meaning anyone, anywhere, from any community can access the things they need from Quit.
77
How does Quitnow DEVELOP PERSONAL SKILLS?
Quitnow produces a range of fact sheets that tell smokers why they should quit, how they can quit and ways they can be supported if they're struggling to quit, which overall improves their education, allowing them to make better health-related decisions.
78
How does Quitnow CREATE A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT?
Quitnow has an Indiegnous support service, meaning Aboriginal Australians can be delivered information about how to quit smoking in a culturally appropriate manner.
79
How does Quitnow REORIENT HEALTH SERVICES?
Quitnow is under the Quit Organisation branch, which provides free online training programs for health professionals on how to provide ways for a smoker to quit, which takes the preventative approach to health, reorienting health services.
80
What is Quitnow?
Quitnow is a health app that aims to help people quit smoking.
81
What are the strengths of the social model of health?
- Promotes good health and wellbeing as it changes behaviours, so people are less likely to develop a disease in the first place
- Education can be passed on from generation to generation, which promotes sustainable improvements in health status.
- Focuses on vulnerable population groups, so equity is promoted and disadvantaged groups like indigenous australians are given the support they need
82
What are the limitations of the social model of health?
- Not every condition can be prevented so the model is not effective for every condition
- It doesn't promote development of medical technology and knowledge
- Health promotion messages may be ignored. If public cooperation is low, the model could be ineffective.
83
Who developed the Australian Dietary Guidelines?
The Australian Dietary Guidelines were developed by the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), which is a federal government body.
84
Why was the ADG developed?
The ADG were developed to:
- Provide advice relating to the types and amounts of foods, food groups and dietary patterns they should consume/undertake.
- Help Australians develop healthy dietary patterns that promote health and wellbeing in the community
- Reduce the risk of diet-related conditions and diseases such as CVD, T2 diabetes, high cholesterol and obesity.
85
Who does the ADG NOT apply to?
It DOES NOT apply to those who require a special diet or to the frail elderly.
86
What is the 1st ADG?
To achieve and maintain a healthy weight, be physically active and choose amounts of nutritious food and drinks to meet your energy needs.
87
What is the 2nd ADG?
Enjoy a wide variety of nutritious foods from the five food groups from Australia’s Healthy Eating Guide
88
What is the 3rd ADG?
Limit intake of foods containing saturated fat, added salt, added sugars and alcohol.
89
What is the 4th ADG?
Encourage, support and promote breastfeeding
90
What is the 5th ADG?
Care for your food through safe storing and preparing
91
What is a limitation of the Australian Dietary Guidelines?
It does not apply to everyone so can be confusing for some age groups/demographics (Eg; not recommended for elderly and people with special diet requirements)
92
What is the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating and its purpose?
The AGHE is a visual food selection tool incorporated into the Australian Dietary Guidelines. It aims to assist consumers in planning, selecting and consuming adequate proportions of food from the 5 food groups.
93
What does each wedge in the AGHE circle represent?
One of the five food groups that should be consumed on a daily basis.
94
What are the limitations of the AGHE?
The AGHE does not provide information on serving sizes and composite foods such as pizza are not included, which makes the model difficult to follow.
95
What is the Healthy Eating Pyramid?
The HEP is a simple visual guide to the types and proportions of foods that individuals should eat each day for good health and wellbeing.
96
Who developed the Healthy Eating Pyramid?
Nutrition Australia
97
Explain the layers of the Healthy Eating Pyramid
There are 4 layers to the pyramid. The first 2 layers are the foundation layers, made up of fruit and vegetables and grains, These are the largest portions of the pyramid as it is what should be consumed the most. The 3rd layer combines both dairy and meat products together as these are good sources of calcium and protein the body needs but are not needed to be consumed as frequently. Finally, the 4th and top layer of the pyramid is healthy fats like olive oil, which are good to be consumed occasionally as they do serve some health benefits, but not too frequently.
To the side of the pyramid, HEP recommends that people use herbs and spices as an alternative to salt as they are healthier and they also say to choose water as drink of choice.
98
What is some of the work of Nutrition Australia? (7 examples)
```
The Healthy Eating Pyramid
Healthy Eating Advisory Service
National Nutrition Week
Develop educational resources
Nutrition seminars and workshops
Webinars for health professionals
Publication of recipes
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99
Factors that influence food intake
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Time constraints and convenience
Education, nutrition knowledge and cooking skills
Influence of family, culture and society
Food marketing
Health and wellbeing factors
Personal preference
Attitudes and beliefs
Willpower
Food security
```
100
What is a limitation of the Healthy Eating pyramid?
Does not include servings per day recommendations, making it difficult to follow.
