HHD Revision Unit 1

Question 1

Fill in the blank: The World Health Organization defines health as a state of complete physical, mental, and __________ well-being.

Answer 1

social

Question 2

What are the dimensions of health?

Answer 2

Physical, mental, spiritual, emotional and social health and wellbeing.

Question 3

What is the role of nutrition in health and development?

Answer 3

Nutrition is essential for growth, development, and maintenance of health.

Question 4

What is the purpose of health promotion?

Answer 4

Health promotion aims to improve health and prevent disease through education and policy initiatives.

Question 5

Fill in the blank: __________ health refers to the ability to express emotions and cope with stress.

Answer 5

Emotional

Question 6

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is considered a risk factor for poor health? A) Regular exercise B) Smoking C) Healthy diet D) None of the above

Answer 6

B) Smoking

Question 7

What is the impact of socioeconomic status on health?

Answer 7

Lower socioeconomic status is associated with higher rates of illness and lower access to healthcare.

Question 8

What is one way that culture influences health?

Answer 8

Culture can shape beliefs about health practices and access to healthcare.

Question 9

What role does physical activity play in health?

Answer 9

Physical activity helps maintain a healthy weight, reduces the risk of chronic diseases, and improves mental health.

Question 10

Multiple Choice: Which is an example of a protective factor for health? A) Poor diet B) Social support C) Lack of exercise D) Smoking

Answer 10

B) Social support

Question 11

What does the term ‘morbidity’ refer to?

Answer 11

Morbidity refers to the state of being diseased or unhealthy.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: __________ health involves the ability to maintain positive relationships with others.

Answer 12

Social

Question 13

What is health literacy?

Answer 13

Health literacy is the ability to obtain, process, and understand basic health information..

Question 14

Define ‘Rates of hospitalisation’.

Answer 14

An indication of levels of ill health that require medical treatment.

Question 15

Define ‘Psychological distress’.

Answer 15

Psychological distress relates to unpleasant feeling & emotions that have an impact on an individual’s level of functioning.

Question 16

What is ‘Health status’?

Answer 16

An individuals or populations overall level of health and wellbeing, taking into account various indicators such as life expectancy, morbidity, etc.

Question 17

What is a ‘Core activity limitation’? Include the 4 main levels.

Answer 17

Core activities relate to 3 main areas of life including self-care, mobility and communication in own language.

If an individual has difficulty in any of the 3, they may have a core activity limitation that may have been caused by injury, developmental issues or chronic illness.

The 4 main levels of CAL’s are: Profound, Severe, Moderate & Mild.

Question 18

What is ‘Prevalence’?

Answer 18

Prevalence refers to the total number of cases of a condition at a given time. New cases add to the overall prevalence of a condition, while those cured or from it reduce the number.

Question 19

What is ‘Incidence’?

Answer 19

Incidence refers to the number of new cases of a condition in a given period (usually 12 months). Useful for identifying which conditions are increasing and decreasing.

Question 20

What is ‘Morbidity’? Include the 2 ways of considering it.

Answer 20

Morbidity refers to ill-health, including disease, injury and disability, in an individual, and the level of ill health in a population.

1. The number or rate of people reporting a condition.
2. The years lived with disability (YLD), where one YLD is equal to one ‘healthy’ year of life lost due to time lived with disease, injury or disablilty.

Question 21

What is ‘Life expectancy’?

Answer 21

Life expectancy gives an indication of how long a person can expect to live if the current death rates stay the same.

Question 22

What is ‘Mortality’? Include the 2 ways of considering it.

Answer 22

Mortality refers to death, particularly at a population level. There are 2 ways of considering mortality:

1. The number or rate of deaths in a population. (Usually shown per 100,000 over 12 months)
2. The years of life lost (YLL), where one year of life lost due to premature death is one YLL.

Question 23

What is ‘Burden of disease’?

Answer 23

Burden of disease is a concept that combines mortality data with morbidity data so that conditions that contribute differently to death and illness can be compared. Measured using ‘disability adjusted life years’ (DALY), where one DALY is equal to one year of healthy life lost due to premature death & time lived with disease, illness or injury.

YLL + YLD = DALY

Question 24

What is ‘Self-assessed health status’? Include the 5 options.

Answer 24

Self-assessed health status is based on an individual’s own perception of their health & wellbeing. Ranking out of 5 options: Excellent, Very good, Good, Fair, Poor.

Question 25

Define physical health and wellbeing including 3 characteristics.

Answer 25

Physical health and wellbeing relates to how the body functions and it's systems. This includes the capacity to perform physical activities and daily tasks. Eg. - Healthy body weight - Absence of illness, disease or injury - Well-functioning body, systems and organs

Question 26

Define social health and wellbeing including 3 characteristics.

Answer 26

Social health & wellbeing relates to the state and quality of the relationships and interactions that a person has with others. This includes the ability to adapt and participate in different social situations. Eg. - Effective communication with others - Supportive network of friends - Supportive and well-functioning family

Question 27

Define emotional health and wellbeing including 3 characteristics.

Answer 27

Emotional health & wellbeing relates to the ability to express feelings in an appropriate way. It is about the positive recognition, management and expression of emotional reactions and actions. This includes experiencing appropriate emotions in certain scenarios, such as resilience. Eg. - Having a high level of resilience - Experience appropriate emotions in given scenarios - Recognising and understanding emotional actions and reactions

Question 28

Define mental health and wellbeing including 3 characteristics.

Answer 28

Mental health & wellbeing refers to the state of wellbeing relating to an individuals mind or brain and their ability to think and process information. This includes thought patterns, self-esteem and their levels of stress and anxiety. Eg. - Optimal self-esteem - Positive thought patterns - Low levels of stress and anxiety

Question 29

Define spiritual health and wellbeing including 3 characteristics.

Answer 29

Spiritual health & wellbeing is defined as ideas, beliefs, ethics, culture and values that arise in an individual's mind and conscience. It includes the concepts of hope, peace, a sense of meaning or value and reflection on a persons place in the world. Eg. - Peace and hope - Developed personal values and beliefs - A sense of belonging and connection to the world

Question 30

What is the difference between health & wellbeing

Answer 30

Health - Relates to physical, social, emotional, mental and spiritual dimensions. Wellbeing - An equilibrium in which the individual feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged.

Question 31

Define 'Peace' as a prerequisite for health. Add how it can promote a dimension of health and wellbeing.

Answer 31

Peace can be described as the absence of conflict or war. Mental H+W: Peace reduces stress, anxiety, and fear that often come with conflict or violence.

Question 32

Define 'Shelter' as a prerequisite for health. Add how it can promote a dimension of health and wellbeing.

Answer 32

Shelter describes a structure that provides protection from the outside environment (elements). Physical H+W: Reduces the risk of illness and injury.

Question 33

Define 'Education' as a prerequisite for health. Add how it can promote a dimension of health and wellbeing.

Answer 33

Education empowers individuals and increases their ability to earn an income, understand health promotion messages, exhibit healthy behaviours and find meaning and purpose in life. Social H+W: School can help to make friends and create strong relationships.

Question 34

Define 'Food' as a prerequisite for health. Add how it can promote a dimension of health and wellbeing.

Answer 34

Adequate food intake may be promotes by food security, which is the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local, non-emergency services. Physical H+W: Nutritious food provides the body with essential vitamins, minerals, and energy to function properly.

Question 35

Define 'Income' as a prerequisite for health. Add how it can promote a dimension of health and wellbeing.

Answer 35

From an individual’s perspective, income increases the ability to afford resources such as healthcare, recreation, transport and education. From a population perspective, income increases the capacity of governments to provide: infrastructure, social security, law and order, etc. Social H+W: Higher income allows participation in social activities, hobbies, and community events.

Question 36

Define 'Sustainable resources' as a prerequisite for health. Add how it can promote a dimension of health and wellbeing.

Answer 36

Sustainability is defined by 'meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'. Physical H+W: Using sustainable farming, energy, and water practices ensures people have access to safe drinking water, fresh food, and unpolluted air, reducing risks of diseases

Question 37

Define 'A stable ecosystem' as a prerequisite for health. Add how it can promote a dimension of health and wellbeing.

Answer 37

When there's a balance between the environment and the species that live in the environment. Physical H+W: A stable ecosystem provides clean air, fresh water, fertile soil, and safe food — all of which are essential for physical health.

Question 38

Define 'Equity' as a prerequisite for health. Add how it can promote a dimension of health and wellbeing.

Answer 38

Equity is a concept that relates to fairness and social justice, but has a focus on disadvantaged groups. Equity focuses on providing extra support and assistance to groups who are disadvantaged, to ensure they can reach and acceptable standard of living. Social H+W: Encourages inclusion and equal treatment, helping people feel valued, connected, and supported in their communities.

Question 39

Define 'Social Justice' as a prerequisite for health. Add how it can promote a dimension of health and wellbeing.

Answer 39

Social justice can be defined in a number of ways, but the common theme is equal rights for all regardless of personal traits such as sex, class, income, ethnicity, religion, age or sexual orientation. Emotional H+W: When people feel they are treated fairly and equally, they are more likely to feel valued and included in society. This boosts self-esteem, confidence, and overall emotional wellbeing.

Question 40

Give 2 definitions of health and wellbeing.

Answer 40

WHO definition: "Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." General: "Wellbeing is the state of being comfortable, healthy, and happy, where a person can cope with life’s stresses, work productively, and contribute to their community."

Question 41

Contrast the mental and emotional dimensions of health and wellbeing.

Answer 41

Emotional H+W focuses on recognising, expressing, and coping with emotions. Mental H+W focuses on thinking clearly, making decisions, concentrating, and problem-solving.

Question 42

Discuss youth perspectives on H+W.

Answer 42

As young people's life experience grows, they start to have a more holistic view of health and wellbeing. Emphasise the importance of physical, mental, and social aspects, with significant concerns around mental health, lack of physical activity, and the influence of screen time.

Question 43

Discuss Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander perspectives on health and wellbeing.

Answer 43

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people focus greatly on social and spiritual health and wellbeing, they value connection to family, culture and land. As well as all other dimensions.

Question 44

Explain why health and wellbeing is considered subjective.

Answer 44

Health and wellbeing is considered subjective because they depend on a person’s own feelings, experiences, and perceptions. What feels healthy or balanced to one person might be different for another, influenced by emotions, mental state, culture, and personal circumstances.

Question 45

Define the term health inequality.

Answer 45

Health inequality is the unfair difference in health outcomes and access to healthcare between different groups caused by social, economic, or environmental factors.

Question 46

Identify and describe how 2 factors contribute to health inequality.

Answer 46

1. SES Status: People with lower income or education often have less access to quality healthcare, healthy food, and safe living conditions, leading to poorer health outcomes compared to those with higher SES. 2. Education: Lower education levels are linked to poorer health knowledge, less access to job opportunities, and unhealthy behaviours, contributing to worse health outcomes.

Question 47

List 3 focus areas of youth health and wellbeing that require improvement.

Answer 47

Mental, physical and

Question 48

Select one focus area of youth health and wellbeing that requires improvement and describe it briefly.

Answer 48

Mental H+W: Many young people experience stress, anxiety, and depression, but often lack access to timely and affordable support.

Question 49

Describe one program or strategy that has been designed to address mental health and wellbeing for youth.

Answer 49

"Headspace" is Australia's National Youth Mental Health Foundation, designed to provide accessible, youth-friendly mental health services to young people aged 12–25.

Question 50

Explain direct costs and give an example.

Answer 50

Direct costs are expenses that are directly related to providing a service or producing a product. Example: The cost of paying a doctor’s fee for a medical appointment is a direct cost in healthcare.

Question 51

Explain indirect costs and give an example.

Answer 51

Indirect costs are expenses that are not directly tied to a specific service or product but support overall operations. Example: Example: Lost income from taking time off work to recover from illness is an indirect cost related to health.

Question 52

Explain intangible costs and give an example.

Answer 52

Intangible costs are the non-monetary impacts of an event or condition that affect a person’s quality of life, feelings, or wellbeing and are difficult to measure in money. Example: The emotional pain and stress a person experiences after a serious illness is an intangible cost.

Question 53

Outline what a risk factor is and provide and example of a risk factor is for gambling.

Answer 53

A risk factor is anything that increases the likelihood of a person developing a health problem or engaging in harmful behaviour. Example: For gambling, a risk factor could be having easy access to gambling venues or online gambling platforms, which makes it more likely someone might develop a gambling problem.

Question 54

Outline what a protective factor is and provide an example of a protective factor for AOD.

Answer 54

A protective factor is something that reduces the chance of a person developing a health problem or engaging in risky behaviour. Example: For alcohol and other drugs (AOD), a protective factor could be having strong family support and positive relationships, which helps reduce the likelihood of substance abuse.

Question 55

List some healthcare services and supports for youth.

Answer 55

Headspace, Kids Helpline, ReachOut Australia, Beyond Blue and School Based Health-Services.

Question 56

Explain and describe what sociocultural factors are?

Answer 56

Sociocultural factors are the social and cultural influences that affect people's behaviours, attitudes, values, and ways of life. Factors: Family, Peer group, Health Literacy, Education, Income

Question 57

What are commercial factors?

Answer 57

Commercial factors are influences related to buying, selling, and marketing of products and services that can affect people’s choices, behaviours, and wellbeing. They can have an impact on you through product design, online gaming ads or social media.

Question 58

What are the 6 areas of youth health and wellbeing requiring health action?

Answer 58

Safety, Relationships/Sexuality, Gambling, AOD, Smoking/Vaping, & Mental H+W.

Question 59

What are the 4 community values and expectations of youth health programs?

Answer 59

Strength-based, Accessible, Safe & Effective.

Question 60

What are the 6 categories of nutrients needed for optimal health outcomes?

Answer 60

Carbohydrates (including fibre), Protein, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals & Water.

Question 61

Explain the main function of carbohydrates.

Answer 61

To provide fuel for the body, with youth a lot of energy is required for metabolism and growth. Glucose is the preferred fuel for energy in the body and carbs are rich in glucose.

Question 62

What are food sources of carbohydrates?

Answer 62

Rice, bread, pasta, cereal, fruit & veg.

Question 63

Explain the main function of fibre.

Answer 63

Fibre is a type of carbohydrate that is required for optimal health and wellbeing. Fibre acts like a cleaner in the body and gives a feeling of fullness preventing overeating.

Question 64

What are food sources of fibre?

Answer 64

Wholemeal bread, grains/seeds, bran, fruit & veg.

Question 65

Explain the main function of protein.

Answer 65

Protein has 2 main functions: 1. To build, maintain and repair body cells. 2. To act as a fuel for producing energy.

Question 66

What are food sources of protein?

Answer 66

Eggs, dairy, beef, chicken, fish, soy products, nuts and brown rice.

Question 67

Explain the main function of fats.

Answer 67

To act as fuel and are also required for the development and maintenance of cell membranes.

Question 68

What are the 4 different types of fats?

Answer 68

Monounsaturated, polyunsaturated (Omega 3 & 6), saturated and trans.

Question 69

Explain functions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.

Answer 69

They're considered 'good fats'. Reducing levels of cholesterol, support brain function and promote the health of the heart.

Question 70

What are food sources of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?

Answer 70

Mono: olive oil, avocado, canola oil and nuts such as peanuts, cashews, almonds, etc. Poly: Omega 3 - fish, trout, sardines, tuna, salmon, canola and soy spray. Omega 6 - mainly nuts like walnuts and brazil nuts and seeds.

Question 71

Explain functions of saturated and trans fats.

Answer 71

They're known as 'bad fats'. They increase cholesterol levels in the blood and can contribute to cardiovascular disease in long-term.

Question 72

What are food sources of saturated and trans fats?

Answer 72

Saturated: Fatty cuts of meat, full-cream milk, cream, cheese, pastries and biscuits. Trans: Pies, pastries, cakes, and sometimes margarines/solid spreads.

Question 73

Explain the functions of water.

Answer 73

Water forms the basis of blood, digestive juices, urine, and is contained in lean muscle, fats and bones. Water is needed for all chemical reactions in the body. It is the key component of many cells, tissues and blood, allowing the effective functioning of the body's systems.

Question 74

What are food sources of water?

Answer 74

Watermelon, apple, orange, tomato, pineapple, celery, lettuce, cucumber and carrot.

Question 75

What are the 3 main minerals?

Answer 75

Calcium, sodium and iron.

Question 76

What is the main function of calcium?

Answer 76

A key nutrient for the building of bone and other hard tissues (teeth). The more calcium the less likely to develop osteoporosis in the future.