HHR Flashcards
(66 cards)
1
Q
Define Human Development
A
A country / society’s improvement over time as well as increasing people’s opportunities
2
Q
Levels of Development
A
- developing (low)
- emerging (medium-high)
- developed (very high)
3
Q
GDP
A
Total value of goods and services a country produces in a year
4
Q
GDP facts
A
USA : 22996 b
UK : 3187 b
China : 17734 b
Nigeria : 441 b
Brazil : 1609 b
5
Q
Why is GDP bad
A
Economic factors do no provide info on quality of life / wellbeing
6
Q
Happy Planet Index
A
Looks at sustainable wellbeing
- wellbeing
- life expectancy
- Ecological footprint
7
Q
Bolivia Case Study
A
- 1970 to 2000 = high unemployment
- Pressure from IMF so it privatised = unsuccessful
- 2005 Evo Morales elected , criticised capitalist ideologies of development
- based approach on socialist + philosophy of Indigenous ppl e.g ‘Sumak Kawsay’ (harmony with nature + community)
- Morales nationalised oil + gas resources , redistributed land
- success as ppl living under poverty went from 15.6% (2005) to 1.9% (2019) AND GDP grew 257%
- problems : high inequality + gender inequality + overcrowded prisons
8
Q
Hans Rosling
A
- doctor from Sweden
- Believes GDP growth shouldn’t be goal but rather environmental quality , life expectancy , human rights etc
- argues economic growth is important to achieve in these
9
Q
How can access to education be measured
A
- mean years of schooling
- equal gender access to education
- range of access to subjects
Etc
10
Q
Why is education important
A
- developing human capital (total skill + knowledge a country’s population has)
- allow ppl to access + assert human rights
11
Q
Gender Inequality in Education
A
- 1/3 primary school aged Pakistani girls don’t attend school compared to 21% boys
- out of those girls attending , only 13% are still enrolled in 9th grade
- UNESCO encourages govts to pass legislation to improve girls rights
12
Q
UK life expectancy
A
81
13
Q
UK infant mortality rate
A
4
14
Q
UK maternal mortality rate
A
7
15
Q
Zambia life expectancy
A
64
16
Q
Zambia infant mortality
A
42
17
Q
Zambia maternal mortality
A
213
18
Q
What type of disease is more common in developed countries
A
Non-communicable diseases AS communicable diseases are easily treated w/ medicine = readily available
19
Q
Factors affecting health in developed countries
A
- lifestyle : some diseases more common when overweight + consume junk food + less exercise
- Deprivation : rich ppl can afford more stuff
- Medicle care : free medical care e.g NHS , rich ppl = better care
20
Q
Statistic on infant mortality and clean water
A
1/5 baby deaths prevented if ppl had access to clean water
21
Q
Factors affecting health in developing countries
A
Access to basic needs
- high chance of cholera if no sanitation
- die from diarrhea
- illnesses that can be treated with basic medicine
- less nutritious food = vulnerable to diseases
- malnutrition
22
Q
Health Inequality within UK
A
- 2012-2014 Kensington + Chelsea life expectancy = 83
- 2012-2014 Blackpool life expectancy = 75
- North/South divide as better infrastructure + wealth South
- Ethnic groups aswell as South Asians more likely to have Coronary Heart Disease than White British
23
Q
Health Inequality within Australia
A
- 1788 colonies by European ppl
- not allowed to vote till 1962 + highly marginalise / discriminated
- 1890-1970 Aboriginal kids taken from families to be raised by white parents = abuse
- Aboriginal income = lower
- Aboriginals use alcohol + tobacco more
- 2015-2017 Aboriginal male life expectancy 8.6y less than non-A
- mental health problems more common , 52% depression in Aboriginal compared to 33% non-A
24
Q
Government spending on education
A
- Sweden (2 HPI) 7.6% GDP on education
- UK 5.2% GDP
- Turkmenistan (dictatorship) 3% GDP
25
IGO
- IMF : encourages global financial stability + gives loans
- World Bank : loans + grants to developing countries BUT expected to pay back
- WTO : encourages free/more trade + helps negotiate
26
Define Neoliberlaisation
When an economy should operate with minimal govt intervention
Marker forces of D/S will apply + create profit
Which will trickle down
27
Central Ideas of neo-liberalisation
- free trade
- deregulation of financial markets
- privatisation
28
SAP
- structural adjustment programmes
- enforced by world bank + IMF to encourage developing countries taking loans to neo-liberalise
- e.g Bolivia privatised
- some argues inequality increased due to regressive austerity + only looked out for TNCs
29
World Bank Programs
- Global platform for education finance
- Human Capital Project : aim to reduce extreme poverty
- Global Program on Sustainability
30
Millennium Development Goals
- reduce poverty + development gap
- created by UN 2000s
- achieved 8 goals by 2015
- signed by 189 countries
1) halves number of ppl living in extreme poverty
2) all kids have primary education
3) increase n.o of girls in education + employment
4) reduce <5 death rates by 2/3
5) reduce pregnancy related death rates by 3/4
6) stop spread of major diseases e.g AIDS/HIV
7) sustainable environment + halve n.o of ppl w/o clean drinking water
8) global partnership for development
31
Success of MDG
- Globally 2000-2013 1) achieved
- BUT Sub-Saharan Africa extreme poverty increased BUT 1996-2005 decreased by 8%
- India struggles to reduce malnourished kids from 53.5% to 40% 1990-2015
- Success majorly in South Asia , only struggled in 8
- No Success in Oceania , only succeeded in 2,8 but struggled mainly in 7
32
What were the MDG replaced by
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
33
SDG
- adopted 2015
- bigger focus on environment
- more ambitious e.g aim to end poverty than 1/2 it
- 17
- end poverty
- end hunger + increased food security
- provide everyone with education + more employment opportunities for adults
- gender equality , empowering women
- clean water + sanitation for everyone
- sustainable economic growth
- affordable clean energy
- promote peace + justice
- make global consumption more sustainable
- tackle climate change
- protect oceans + use marine resources sustainably
34
Success of SDG
- moving slowly in 2020 due to pandemic
- many won’t be met by 2030
35
When was the UN set up
1945
36
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
- 1948
- all humans have equal rights and are inalienable
- 30 articles e.g no slavery
- isn’t legally binding but some have it part of national constitutions
Some don’t view it as universal as:
- some members abstained from voting on it e.g Soviet Union
- Biased towards western culture + values e.g Saudi don’t agree on freedom of religion as it believes in Islamic teachings
- some countries justify UDHR for why they intervene / invade other countries
37
European Convention of Human Rights
- after WW2
- signed by 12 members of council of Europe in 1950 , came into force 1953
- 18 articles taken from UDHR
- legally binding
- has European Court of Human Rights (1959) where citizens can come to if they think rights are infringed
- 2022 Russia withdrew due to national sovereignty + constitution undermined
38
ECHR in the UK
- UK incorporated most of the ECHR into national law
- 1988 under Human Rights Act
- thus easier for citizens as they could come to UK courts rather than European Court of Human Rights
39
Geneva Convention
- set up by international Red Cross 1949
- signed by 196 countries
- protects ppls rights during war / conflict
- bans terrorism , torture , hostages etc
- set up basis for International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague Netherlands , has trails for war crimes e.g Liberian President Charles Taylor trialed for Sierra Leone’s civil war crimes such as child soldiers
- many cases don’t come to ICC as hard to prove
- only 123/196 that signed the Geneva Convention are part of the ICC
- most don’t follow convention e.g torture in 140 countries
40
Countries Advocating for Human Rights
UK
- prides itself in it’s freedom of speech + world defender of Human Rights
- condemns countries that block FOS e.g China passing censorship laws in Hong Kong
- 2020 law passed to sanction countries blocking FOS to it’s citizens called Global Human Rights Sanctions Regulations
- 2022 G7 meeting condemning Russia for invading Ukraine + sanctions e.g not buying energy
41
Countries favouring Economic Development over Human Rights
India
- coal mines in Chhattisgarh involves evicting indigenous communities
- some members of these communities imprisoned for protesting + mistreatment in jail
- minister argues coal will benefit all , even indigenous
42
China as an Authoritarian State
- led by Chinese communist party since 1949
- opened up to trade in 1976 after Chairman Mao’s death
- elections held but only high ranking ppl can vote
- ‘great firewall’ used to restrict internet access + serious censorship in media
- mistreats ethnic minorities e.g Tibetans
43
Germany as a Democratic State
- voting for EVERYONE over 18
- freedoms of speech + freedom of press = protected
- human right protected + large number of refugees accepted 2015-17 BUT racist attacks against them
44
What threatens Human Rights
- corruption
- allows illegal acts to be carried out without consequences
- threatens human rights as infringe other’s rights without worrying about aftermath
45
Systematic Discrimination
When a more powerful group ignore + restrict human rights of certain groups due to characteristics e.g race
46
Example of Systematic Discrimiation
- Germany colonised Rwanda
- 3 main ethnic groups : Tutsi , Hutu , Twa
- Germans believed Tutsi to be superior thus gave them more education rights etc
- Hutus grew resentful + 1994 Genocide against everyone
- Only Tutsi allowed survivor benefits from govt but not Twa who also suffered
47
North America Indigenous People
- 1 million live on Reservations w/ poor quality + pollution + contamination etc
- schools underfunded in these remote areas
- Died from diabetes : 41.3 vs 26/7 (USA) / 100000
- Infant Mortality : 7.9 vs 5.6 (USA) / 1000
- Highschool Graduates : 74% vs 86% (USA)
- More likely to be arrested + killed by police so harder to protest etc
48
Campaigning for Equal Rights
- oppresses groups campaign for their Human Rights to be developed
E.g African Americans campaigned for equal rights as white Americans
- some have been successful e.g 2010 UK Equality Act BUT 8% pay gap in 2022
- some national heroes e.g Suffrage Movement Emmeline Pankhurst
49
Gender inequality - Afghanistan
- Taliban ruled till 2001 , conservative rules e.g no education for women + cover up + abuse
- US Military intervention collapsed Taliban Regime 2001
- girls in school rose to 3.2m in 2012 but slow progeess as laws took time to change
- August 2021 Taliban back in power = undoing any progress
- banned girls attending secondary school
50
Ethnic Equal Rights - Australia
- 2008 Health authorities + NGP launched campaigns e.g ‘Women’s Voices’ + ‘Closing the Gap’
- Torres Strair Islander women = especially vulnerable to domestic violence
- programmes helped 20% more kids on island finish high school in 2020 than 2008
- BUT 40% if the islander ppl faced racial prejudice vs 20% Australians
51
Ways to Intervene in Human Rights
- Development aid e.g 2010 donors for Malawi aid threatened to cut it off until gay marriage was unbanned
- Trade Embargo e.g EU embargo trade with Iran till nuclear weapons manufacturing stopped
- Military Aid e.g USA threatened to stop funding/training for Philippines security forces unless laws took suppress freedom of speech was overturned
- Indirect Military action e.g USA supporting Ethiopia war w/ Somalia to end regional conflict
- Direct Military Action e.g NATO air strikes in Libya Civil War
52
USA Invading Iraq
- justified it’s invasion using ‘war on terror’ + Human rights as Saddam Hussein killed millions
- supported by UK
- many protests as ppl assumed USA wanted to secure oil reserves in Middle East
- war left 1/25 ppl in Iraq displaced + damaging education / healthcare system
53
Aid given to countries
- national government aid : bilateral , given from donor or recipient
- IGO : WTO / IMF , might come with conditions
- NGO : donations e.g Oxfam
54
NGO aid figures - Oxfam
- consists of 21 global NGO
- raises £105m through donation / legacies + £27.9m from UK govt
- provides clean safe water supply during war / natural disaster
55
Success of Development Aid
- tacking malaria = successful , one of MDG. Provided awareness campaigns ,30m nets in Nigeria = fell by 25%
- achieved Gender Equality somewhat
56
Criticisms of Development Aid
- corruption
- dependency by recipient country
57
Humanitarian Aid Haiti
- 30% population in extreme poverty
- 2010 earthquake killed 300k
- ppl lived in ‘tent cities’ which were hit w/ cholera that killed 9000 by 2016
- $10b raised globally to help Haiti
- BUT concerns about where money was going as 2 years after , 500k ppl still in temporary shelters
- local govt pledged $5.6b is it was ALL spent in 3 yrs , did not happen + majority went to NGO worker salaries + accommodation
58
Economic development causing problems
- developed countries pay developing countries to exploit natural resources
Environmental problems :
- pollution
- deforestation
- land scarring
Social Problems :
- Host has short term development as after money runs out it is hard to develop w/o raw materials
- natural resources often found remote where indigenous tribes are = loss of culture
59
Oil Exploitation Nigeria
- Niger delta home to largest oil reserves
- exploited by TNC since 1950
- helped economically develop > one of wealthiest countries in sub-Saharan Africa
- river occupied by Ogoni ppl who believe land = sacred
- Ogoni ppl lost land + pollution + oil spills threatened HDI due to water pollution
- 1993 protest over oil pipeline = military polics + guards killing 1000 , destroying villages + 30,000 homeless
60
Military Aid leading to abusing Human Rights
UK military Aid to Syria
- £15b worth of arms 2015-2020
- used in Yemen to kill 8000 civilians
- Amnesty International said UK played a significant part
61
What is commonly used as a reason for military intervention
War on Terror
USA response to 9/11 to invade Afghanistan + Pakistan etc
62
Torture
- USA calls it ‘enhanced interrogation techniques’
- has prison on Guantanamo Bay
- held prisoners w/o trial
- prisoners tortured + humiliated in Abu Ghraib prison
63
Measuring Success
- main objective achieved
- HDI improved
- short term / long term impacts
- how well -ve consequences were managed
64
65
Vietnam
Summarise page 258
66
Successful aid - Ebola in West Africa
