Aldosterone - effect on Na+, K+ H+, and H2O - secreted by - is regulated by - triggered by ... in the - what kind of hormone is it?

Aldosterone: - stimulates Na+ reabsorption, K+ and H+ secretion, - increases water reabsorption, blood volume, and blood pressure - secreted by adrenal cortex - regulated by the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system Steroid hormone Triggered by low blood volume in the afferent arteriole Increaes Na+-K+ pump activity Increases blood volume

High Yield Flashcards by Leah Haas

polar (hydrophilic) amino acids

threonine, serine, cysteine, asparagine, tyrosine, glutamine

PolariThree serene sisters aspire to tyranny and gluttony

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Negatively charged (acidic) side chains

aspartic acid (aspartate) and glutamic acid (glutamate)

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Positively charged (basic) Side chains

arginine, lysine, histidine

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Nonpolar Hydrophobic amino acids

G, L, A, V, I, M, P, W

GWAIL-VMP

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ectoderm

Nervous system, epidermis, lens of eye, inner ear, adrenal medulla, pineal and pituitary glands epithelia; neural crest

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endoderm

Lining of digestive tract, lungs, liver and pancreas, urethra, urinary bladder, reproductive system; thymus, thyroid and parathyroid glands

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Mesoderm

Muscles, skeleton, circulatory system, gonads, kidney; notochord, adrenal cortex

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Aldosterone

effect on Na+, K+ H+, and H2O
secreted by
is regulated by
triggered by … in the
what kind of hormone is it?

Aldosterone:

stimulates Na+ reabsorption, K+ and H+ secretion,
increases water reabsorption, blood volume, and blood pressure
secreted by adrenal cortex
regulated by the renin- angiotensin-aldosterone system

Steroid hormone

Triggered by low blood volume in the afferent arteriole

Increaes Na+-K+ pump activity

Increases blood volume

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ADH (Vasopressin)

function
affect on H2O
secreted from where and in response to what?
what kind of hormone is it?

Increases collecting duct’s permeability to water to increase water reabsorption

• Is secreted from posterior pituitary with high [solute] in the blood

Peptide hormone

triggered by high plasma osmolarity

Opens aquaporins; reduces plasma osmolarity

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James Lange

stimulus -> nervous system arousal -> conscious emotion

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cannon bard

stimulus -> nervous system arousal + conscious emotion -> action

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Scachter-singer

stimulus -> nervous system arousal + cognitive appraisal -> conscious emotion

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TRP operon

is repressible (normally on, but can be turned off)

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impact on Km- mixed

increases = prefer enzyme decreases = prefer complex

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sucrose is also known as

glucose-α-1,2-fructose

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lactose is also known as

galactose-β-1,4-glucose

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maltose is also known as

glucose-α-1,4 glucose

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Euchromatin

less dense, transcriptionally active dNA

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Central dogma

DNA -> RNA -> proteins

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Explain the difference between primary and secondary active transport

primary uses ATP while secondary uses existing ion gradients

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rate limiting step of glycolysis

PFK1

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location of TCA

mitochondrial matrix

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ETC takes place in the…

inner mitochondrial membrane

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pentose phosphate pathway occurs in the…. generates.. rate limiting step… activated by… inhibited by…

Pentose phosphate pathway: - occurs in the cytoplasm - generates NADPH and sugars - Rate limiting enzyme is G6PD - activated by NADP+ and insulin - Inhibited by NADPH

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Fatty acid oxidation occurs in the...

fatty acid oxidation occurs in the mitochondria; following transport by the carnitine shuttle, via β-oxidation

All aminoa cids have S configuration except for

cysteine

Nonpolar, nonaromatic amino acids include

G, L, A, M, V, I, P

Positively charged amino acids include

R, K, H

Negatively chaged amino acids

D, E

polar amino acids

S, T, Y, C, N, Q

D-fructose

D-glucose

D-galactose

D-mannose

Stage: sensorimotor Age: What Happens:

Stage: sensorimotor Age: 0-2 What Happens: circular rxns; object permanence

Stage: Preoperational Age: What Happens:

Stage: Preoperational Age: 2-7 What Happens: **symbolic thinking**, imagination, egocentrism, **centration** (focus on only one aspect), inability to understand conservation; **assimilation**--classifying new info into existing schema

Stage: Concrete operational Age: What Happens:

Stage: Concrete operational Age: 7-11 What Happens: can **understand conversation** and consider the **perspective of others**; **logical thinking**; **accommodation**--existing schemata are modified to encompass new info

Stage: formal operational Age: What Happens:

Stage: formal operational Age: 11+ What Happens: abstract thinking; reasoning and problem solving

Freud's oral stage age

0-1 yrs

Freud's anal stage age

1-3 yrs

Freud's phallic/oedipal stage age

3-5 yrs

Freud's latency stage age

5-puberty

Freud's genital stage age

puberty-adulthood

Erikson's stages: trust vs. mistrust age: Gist:

Erikson's stages: trust vs. mistrust age: 0-1 yrs Gist: trust environment and self or remain suspicious

Erikson's stages: Autonomy vs. shame and doubt age: Gist:

Erikson's stages: autonomy vs shame and doubt age: 1-3 yrs Gist: whether or not they feel like they can control stuff

Erikson's stages: Initiative vs. guilt age: Gist:

Erikson's stages: Initiative vs. guilt age: 3-6yrs Gist: sense of purpose and ability to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishments or unduly self restriction and overcompensation

Erikson's stages: Industry vs. inferiority Age: Gist:

Erikson's stages: Industry vs. inferiority Age: 6-12 Gist: competency vs. inadequacy

Erikson's stages: Identity vs. role confusion Age: Gist:

Erikson's stages: Identity vs. role confusion Age: 12-20 Gist: can see self as unique and integrated with sustained loyalities vs. amorphous personality

Erikson's stages: Intimacy vs. isolation Age: Gist:

Erikson's stages: Intimacy vs. isolation Age: 20-40 yrs Gist: intimate relationships or commitment issues

Erikson's stages: Generativity vs stagnation Age: Gist:

Erikson's stages: Generativity vs stagnation Age: 40-65 yrs Gist: make life count or be selfish and bored

Erikson's stages: Integrity vs. despair Age: Gist:

Erikson's stages: Integrity vs. despair Age: 65+ Gist: wisdom and readiness to face death vs. fear of death and feelings of worthlessness/bitterness

highest estradiol phase

follicular

highest level of LH and FSH occurs at...

ovulation

Progesterone is highest in the ... phase

luteal phase

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: Nervous system

ectoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: epidermis

ectoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: lens of eye

ectoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: inner ear

ectoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: adrenal medulla

ectoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: pineal gland

ectoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: pituitary gland

ectoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: epithelia

ectoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: neural crest

ectoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: lining of digestive tract

endoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: lining of lungs

endoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: lining of the pancreas

endoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: urethra

endoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: urinary bladder

endoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: reproductive system

endoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: thymus

endoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: thyroid

endoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: parathyroid glands

endoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: muscles

mesoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: skeleton

mesoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: circulatory system

mesoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: gonads

mesoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: kidney

mesoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: notochord

mesoderm

Endoderm, Mesoderm, Ectoderm: adrenal cortex

mesoderm

Erikson stage- whether able to trust environment or be suspicious of the world

trust vs. mistrust (0-1 yrs)

Erikson stage- able to exert control over self and world vs. sense of doubt and persistent external locus of control

autonomy vs. shame and doubt 1-3 yrs

Erikson stage- sense of purpose and abilitly to initiate activities and enjoy accomplishment vs. restrict onself and overcompensate

Initiative vs. guilt 3-6 yrs

Erikson stage- able to feel competent and exercise abilities vs. feeligns of inadequacy and low self-esteem

industry vs. inferiority 6-12 yrs

Erikson stage- ability to see onself as unique and integrated person with sustained loyalties vs. amorphous personality

identity vs. role confusion 12-20 yrs

Erikson stage- love; ability to have intimate relationships and commitment vs. alienation and avoidance

intimacy vs. isolation 20-40 yrs

Erikson stage- capable of being a productive, caring, and contributing member vs. self-indulgent, bored, selfish and self-centered

Generativity vs. stagnation 40-65 yrs

Erikson stage- wisdom, readiness to face death vs. worthless/bitterness about death

integrity vs. despair 65+

stage for circular reactions

sensorimotor 0-2 yrs

stage for object permanence

sensorimotor

imagination and symbolic thinking stage

preoperational 2-7 yrs

egocentrism stage

preoperational 2-7 yrs

centration stage (focusing on only one aspect)

preoperational 2-7 yrs

assimilation stage

preoperational 2-7 yrs assimilation = classifying new info into existing schemata

children can understand the conversation and consider the perspective of others

Concrete operational 7-11 yrs

logical thinking stage

Concrete operational 7-11 yrs

accommodation stage

accommodation = exising schemata are modified to encompass new info Concrete operational 7-11 yrs

abstract thinking stage

formal operational 11+

reason and problem solving stage

formal operational 11+

Polar uncharged amino acids

serine threonine asparagine glutamine cysteine tyrosine (STYCNQ)

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: alanine

Ala, A

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Arginine

Arg/R

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Asparagine

Asn/N

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Aspartic acid

Asp/D

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Cysteine

Cys/C

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Glutamic acid

Glu/E

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Glutamine

Gln/Q

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Glycine

Gly/G

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Histidine

His/H

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Isoleucine

Ile/I

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Leucine

Leu/L

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Lysine

Lys/K

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Methionine

Met/M

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Phenylalanine

Phe/F

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Proline

Pro/P

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Serine

Ser/S

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Threonine

Thr T

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Tryptophan

Trp/W

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Tyrosine

Tyr/Y

Three letter and one letter abbreviation for: Valine

Val/V

Hydrophobic nonaromatic amino acids

VAMPGIL

Valine

Leucine

Isoleucine

Methionine

Phenylalanine

Asparagine

Glutamic acid

Glutamine

Histidine

Lysine

Aspartic acid

Glycine

Alanine

Serine

Threonine

Tyrosine

Tryptophan

Cysteine

Proline

Polar charged amino acids with their charges

D-, E-, H+, K+, R+

α-1,2-fructose

sucrose

galactose-β-1,4-glucose

lactose

glucose-α-1,4-glucose

maltose

Le Chatelier's principle shift to LEFT

More products, volume, or temp Less reactants or pressure

At physiologic pH, \_\_\_\_functional groups will be protonated, attaining a\_\_\_

At physiological pH, **basic** functional groups will be **protonated**, attaining a **positive charge**.

The amino acids in hemoglobin (or any protein) uniformly have which of the following configurations?

Amino acids are usually L-configuration

tertiary rxns favor sn1 or sn2

3˚ = sn1

polar aprotic solvents favor sn1 or sn2

polar aprotic = sn2

need a strong nucleophile--sn1 or sn2

sn2 = strong nu

invertion of products, sn1 or sn2?

sn2 = inversion

racemic products = sn1 or sn2?

racemic = sn1

stimulus is added and behavior continues

positive punishment

stimulus is removed and behavior stops

negative punishment

stimulus is added and behavior continues

positive reinforcement

stimulus is removed and behavior continues

negative reinforcement

Anterior pituitary hormones

FLAT PEG FLAT = Tropic hormones PEG = Direct

Peptide hormones and amino acid derivative hormones end in... and they act via

peptide/amino acid = --in, --ine Peptide hormones act via second messengers Amino acids act via second messengers or homrone/receptor binding to DNA

most steroid hormones end in... and act via

steroid = --one, --ol, --oid act via hormone/receptor binding to DNA

Hormones produced in the hypohtalamus (and stored in the posterior pituitary)

oxytocin; ADH/vasoprsesin

Hormones produced in the adrenal cortex include

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

hormones produced in the adrenal medulla

epinephrine and norepinephrin

pancreatic hormones include

glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin

melatonin in produced in the

pineal gland

Depolarization

Na+ gates open and Na+ rushes into axon

Repolarization

K+ rushes out of axon

Hyperpolarization

all gates closed

Pancreas enzymes include

Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases A and B

Enteropeptidase function

converts trypsinogen and procarobxypeptidases to active form

lewis acid bronsted lowry acid

lewis acid = accepts electrons Bronsted lowry acid = accepts protons

lewis base bronsted-lowry base

lewis base = donates electrons Bronsted lowry base = donates protons