High Yield Flashcards by Haris R

double wall sac (fibrous)
Helps protect the heart and anchors it to surrounding structures, such as the sternum and diaphragm..
Deep to the fibrous pericardium is the slippery, two-layer serous pericardium.

pericardium

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part of the heart wall, Allows the heart to beat easily and in a relatively friction-less environment

epicardium

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Consists of thick bundles of cardiac muscle twisted and whorled into ringlike arrangements and they contract

myocardium

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Thin glistening sheet of endothelium that lines the heart chambers

endocardium

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Inflammation of the pericardium

pericarditis

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Receiving chambers

Blood flows into the atria under low pressure from the veins of the body and then continues to fill up the ventricles

atria

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Discharging chambers
Pumps of the heart
Upon contraction, blood is propelled out of the heart and into circulation

ventricles

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Interventricular septum and interatrial septum separates the chambers

cardiovascular septum

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Carry blood to the lungs for gas exchange
Superior and Inferior vena cava
Sends relatively oxygen-poor blood from the veins of the body to the right atria

pulmonary circulation

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Arteries: Branch left and right to the lungs
Only unoxygenated arteries
Veins: Receives oxygen rich blood from the lungs
Only oxygenated veins

pulmonary arteries and veins

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Sends the oxygen-poor blood from the ventricles to the pulmonary arteries

pulmonary trunk

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Circulation from the left side of the heart, through the body tissues, and back to the right side of the heart

systemic circulation

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Largest artery, pumps oxygen-rich blood into systemic arteries that branch off to supply essentially all body tissues, originates in Left ventricle

aorta

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Tunica externa = outer coat, connective tissue supports artery
Tunica media = mostly smooth muscle and elastic fibers
Tunica intima = simple squamous and a basement membrane
Largest is aorta, smallest are arterioles

arteries

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Contain same tunics but only has a small amount of smooth muscle
Contains valves that only allow one way blood flow
Largest are the inferior and superior vena cava
Smallest are venules

veins

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smallest veins

venules

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One layer of squamous epithelial cells, pore size varies depending on organ
Pre-capillary sphincters control flow of blood through capillary beds
Vascular shunts pass through beds with no sphincter regulation
Nutrient/waste and cell exchange occur here

capillaries

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Carotid arteries = brain
Brachial arteries = arms
Femoral artery = legs
Hepatic artery = liver
Renal artery = kidney
Coronary arteries = heart

6 organ arteries and associations

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plaque build up

atherosclerosis

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Hardening due to plaque build up

arteriosclerosis

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Sub clavian = underneath clavicle, returns lymphatic fluid to circulatory system
Coronary sinus = within heart, drains heart muscle directly into RA
Jugular vein = brain
Hepatic vein = liver

4 vein names

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Supply blood to the heart muscle itself

coronary arteries

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drains myocardium, on posterior of the heart

coronary sinus

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myocardium doesn’t get enough blood, usually due to clogged vessicles

angina

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Sinoatrial, in right atrium. starts each heart beat and called pacemaker

SA node

Atrioventricular , impulse then passes through the atrioventricular bundle (AV bundle or bundle of His), the bundle branches, and the Purkinje fibers. Heart contracts top to middle, then bottom to middle

AV node

Eleectrocardiogram, P-Wave: electrical signal being sent from SA to AV node (atria contract) QRS complex: Electrical signal being sent from AV node, down the septum, through ventricles (ventricles contract) T wave: Heart repolarizing (basically setting itself up to beat again)

ECG

the force of blood against the inner walls of blood vessels. . measured by a pressure cuff (shut off brachial artery) sphygmomanometer Normal range is 120/80 systolic/diastolic (contraction/relaxation)

blood pressure

blood pumped in 1 min. Product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV)

cardiac output

volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat.

stroke volume

CO = HR (75 beats/min) x SV (70 ml/beat)

Cardiac Output

Heart Development

A simple "tube heart" develops in the embryo and pumps by week 4 The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of 7 weeks Few structural changes occur after week 7 Congenital heart defects account for half of all infant deaths resulting from congenital problems

Common vascular problem, especially in people who stand for long periods of time

Varicose Veins

Small blood vessels Only one cell layer thick (microscopic) to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue (selective permeability) connect arterioles and venules

Capillaries

Blood travels from the digestive organs, the spleen and the pancreas to the HPV The HPV then carries the blood to the liver, where it is processed

Hepatic Portal Vein

carry oxygen poor blood towards the heart thin walled can collapse easily when not filled with blood

Veins

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart toward the capillaries transport blood under very high pressure

Arteries

Pulse = the pressure wave that occurs on a blood vessel wall as the heart beats Monitored at "pressure points" in superficial arteries Averages 70-76 bpm at rest in a healthy person

Arterial Pulse

Sustained elevated arterial pressure or 140/90 mm Hg | Wans of increasing peripheral resistance

Hypertension

Low systolic (below 100 mmHg) Often associated with illness Acute hypotension is warning sign for circulatory shock

Hypotension

Blood is forced along a descending pressure gradient Pressure in the blood vessels decreases as distance from the heart increases Pressure is high in the arteries, lower in the capillaries, and lowest in the vein

Blood Pressure Gradient

``` CO= the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute PR= peripheral resistance, or the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels. ```

BP = CO x PR

Normal range 140 to 110 mm Hg Systolic 80 to 70 mm Hg diastolic

Blood Pressure Monitor Manual

pressure is measured in the large arteries Systolic- pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction Diastolic- pressure when ventricles relax Expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure: for example, 120/80 mmHg

Measuring Blood Pressure

The two superior receiving chambers of the heart are known as the __________, while the two inferior discharging chambers of the heart are known as the _____________.

atria; ventricles

The valves located between the atria and ventricles are known as the ______ valves.

atrioventricular (AV)

Blood leaves the left ventricle through an artery known as the _______________.

aorta

The transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is known as ______________ circulation.

pulmonary

The tiny white cords that anchor the cusps or flaps of endocardium to the walls of the ventricles are called the _______________.

chordae tendineae

The walls of the ____________ are substantially thicker because that chamber acts as the more powerful systemic pump of the heart.

left ventricle

The bicuspid valve is also referred to as the ______ valve.

mitral

The first heart sound, "lub", is caused by the closure of the __________ valves.

atrioventricular (AV)

When ventricles _______, the AV valves are closed.

contract

The path of blood flow within the systemic vascular system is ________.

arteries, arterioles, capillary beds, venules, veins

The volume of blood pumped out of a ventricle with each heartbeat is known as _________.

stroke volume (SV)

What is the correct sequence of blood flow from the lungs to the body?

lungs --> pulmonary veins --> left atrium --> left ventricle --> aorta --> body

Which of the following vessels has the lowest blood pressure?

vena cava

Arteries are normally depicted as red while veins are colored blue. The exceptions to this rule are the ___________ arteries and veins.

pulmonary

Capillary beds are drained by vessels known as __________.

venules

Which major vein brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the upper portion of the body?

Superior vena cava

Name the chamber of the heart that receives blood from the veins that are carrying deoxygenated blood

Right Atrium

When the ventricles contract, what happens to the AV valves

They close

Which layer of the heart is composed of cardiac muscle and plays a role in the beating of the heart due to muscle contractions?

Myocardium

What happens when ventricles contract

semilunar valves forced open

What happens when ventricles relax

semilunar valves close

When do AV valves open

heart relaxation

When do AV valves close

when ventricles contract

When do semilunar valves close

heart relaxation

When do semilunar valves open

semilunar valves are forced open when ventricles contract

Phases of an action potential in a ventricular contractile fiber include

rapid depolarization, a long | plateau, and repolarization

Cardiac muscle tissue has a long refractory period, which prevents

tetanus

The record of electrical changes during each cardiac cycle is called an

electrocardiogram (ECG)

A normal ECG consists of a

P wave (atrial depolarization), a QRS complex (onset of ventricular depolarization), and a T wave (ventricular repolarization)

The P–Q interval represents the

conduction time from the beginning of atrial excitation to the beginning of ventricular excitation

The S–T segment represents the time

when ventricular contractile fibers are | fully depolarized

Cardiac output (CO) is the

amount of blood ejected per minute by the left ventricle into the aorta (or by the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk). It is calculated as follows: CO (mL/min) stroke volume (SV) in mL/beat x heart rate (HR) in beats/min

Cardiac reserve is the difference between

a person’s maximum CO and his or her CO at rest

Stroke volume is related to

preload (stretch on the heart before it contracts), contractility (forcefulness of contraction), and afterload (pressure that must be exceeded before ventricular ejection can begin)

According to the Frank–Starling law of the heart

a greater preload (end-diastolic volume) stretching cardiac muscle fibers just before they contract increases their force of contraction until the stretching becomes excessive

Nervous control of the cardiovascular system originates in the cardiovascular center in the

medulla oblongata

Heart rate is affected by hormones

(epinephrine, norepinephrine, thyroid hormones), ions (Na, K, Ca2), age, gender, physical fitness, and body temperature.

High Yield Flashcards

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