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From Flashcardlet > higher biology sustainability and independance > Flashcards

higher biology sustainability and independance Flashcards

0
Q

Two food demands are

A

Increasing population means increasing demand for food

Demand that food production is sustainable and does not degrade the natural resources on which agriculture depends

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1
Q

Food security is

A

The ability to access food of sufficient quality and quantity.

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2
Q

Sustainability in food production definition

A

The ability of food systems to keep production and distribution going continuously without environmental degradation

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3
Q

Ultimately, all food production is dependant on

A

Photosynthesis

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4
Q

Land area for food production is limited, so increased food production relies on

A

Factors which control plant growth

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5
Q

Higher yielding cultivars can be breed with (5 things)

A

An increased yield
Disease/pest resistance
Higher nutritional values
Physical characteristics suited to harvesting
The ability to thrive in particular environmental conditions

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6
Q

Yield can be increased by (2 things)

A

Pesticides to protect from pests and diseases

Reducing competition through the use of herbicides (weed killer)

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7
Q

Trophic levels

A

Position or stage an organism occupies in a food chain

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8
Q

Livestock produce less food per unit area than plant crops due to

A

loss of energy between trophic levels

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9
Q

Light is either…by a leaf

A

Reflected, absorbed or transmitted

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10
Q

Photosynthetic pigments are

A

Coloured molecules found in the grana of chlorophyll

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11
Q

What do photosynthetic pigments do

A

Absorb light energy so that it can be used during the first stage of photosynthesis

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12
Q

Chlorophyll a

A

Main photosynthetic pigment, absorbs light mainly in the red and blue regions of the visible spectrum

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13
Q

Chlorophyll b

A

Absorbs slightly different wavelengths than chlorophyll a, both contain the elements magnesium

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14
Q

Absorption spectrum

A

Quantity of light absorbed absorbed at each wavelength

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15
Q

Carotenoids (accessory pigments)

A

Xanthophyll and carotene

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16
Q

Each pigment absorbs different wavelength of light so

A

The total quantity of light absorbed is greater than when there is only one pigment

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17
Q

Once carotenoids have absorbed energy they pass it onto

A

Chlorophyll

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18
Q

Plants which are adapted to live in the shade have

A

A higher proportion of carotenoids

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19
Q

Plants which have higher proportions of carotenoids can

A

Absort light that is transmitted through the canopy in shade

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20
Q

What does an action spectrum do

A

Shows how effective different wavelengths are at bringing about the process of photosynthesis

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21
Q

Two stages of photosynthesis and where they occur

A

The light reaction - grana of chloroplast

The Calvin Cycle - stroma of chloroplast

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22
Q

Different parts of the chloroplast (6)

A

Inner membrane, outer membrane, intermembrane space, stroma (aqueous fluid), granum (stack of thylakoids), thylakoid (lumen inside)

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23
Q

The light reaction stage 1

A

Pigment molecules absorb light energy which raise the energy level of electrons to become high energy electrons

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24
Q

The light reaction stage 2

A

High energy electrons can then be transferred along the electron transport chain to bring about production of ATP by ATP synthase (enzyme)

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25
Q

The light reaction stage 3

A

The energy is also used for the photolysis of water. Water is split into oxygen (released as a by-product) and hydrogen which is transferred to the coenzyme NADP and combined to produce NADPH

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26
Q

What are the ATP and NADPH required for

A

The next stage of photosynthesis, the Calvin cycle

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27
Q

The Calvin cycle

A

Second stage of photosynthesis, occurs in the stroma of the chloroplast

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28
Q

Stroma and its role in Calvin cycle

A

Stroma is fluid and contains dissolved enzymes which catalyse the steps in the Calvin cycle

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29
Q

Calvin cycle summary

A

The carbon dioxide is converted into sugars using ATP and NADPH from the light reaction

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30
Q

Calvin Cycle Step 1

A

The enzyme rubisco fixes CO2 from from the atmosphere into 3-phosphoglycerate by attaching it to ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)

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31
Q

Calvin Cycle Step 2

A

3-phosphoglycerate is then phosphorylated by ATP and combined with hydrogen from NADPH to form the stable compound glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G-3-P)

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32
Q

Calvin Cycle Step 3

A

Some G-3-P is used to regenerate RuBP. This regeneration requires ATP. Some G-3-P is used to synthesise glucose sugar.

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33
Q

Glucose can be used for (4)

A

Fuelling respiration
Stored as starch
Built into cellulose (cell wall component)
Passed to other biosynthetic pathways to form a variety of metabolites

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34
Q

Plant productivity

A

The rate of regeneration of biomass in an ecosystem due to photosynthesis

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35
Q

Plant productivity is usually expressed in

A

units of biomass per unit area per unit time e.g. kg/m squared/day (net production)

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36
Q

Net assimilation

A

The increase in mass due to photosynthesis minus the loss due to respiration

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37
Q

Net assimilation is measured by

A

The increase in dry mass per unit area e.g. Kg/hectare

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38
Q

Dry mass

A

The percentage of material remaining after the water has been removed

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39
Q

Why is dry mass calculated

A

Because it removes the variable factor of water which may be different from one plant to another giving a more valid calculation of net assimilation

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40
Q

Why is the ratio of total leaf area to area of ground important in crop plants

A

Because photosynthesis occurs in the leaves

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41
Q

What is this ratio known as?

A

Leaf area index (LAI)

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42
Q

What does this ratio mean has to happen

A

An optimum crop planting density must be calculated

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43
Q

What is the biological yield of a crop known as

A

The total plant biomass of a crop

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44
Q

What is the economic yield of a crop?

A

The mass of desired product

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45
Q

The harvest index

A

The economic yield is only a proportion of the biological yield, this proportion is the harvest index

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46
Q

Crop producers strive to obtain

A

The highest possible harvest index by a variety of means

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47
Q

Plant and animal breeding

A

The manipulation of heredity to develop new and improved organisms to provide sustainable food sources

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48
Q

Breeders seek to develop crops and livestock with: (7)

A

Higher yield
Higher nutritional values
Resistance to pests and disease
Physical characteristics suited to rearing and harvesting
Characteristics which enable crops and livestock to thrive in particular environmental conditions

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49
Q

Artificial selection

A

Individuals with desirable characteristics are allowed to breed whereas with undesirable characteristics are prevented from doing so

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50
Q

Field trials

A

Used to evaluate performances of new plant varieties out with of laboratory environments

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51
Q

Field trial plots

A

An area of land is divided into sections called plots

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52
Q

Plot treatments

A

Each plot is given a different treatment e.g. varying herbicide concentrations

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53
Q

Field trial design decisions and reasons:(3)

A

Randomisation of treatment to eliminate bias when measuring treatment effects
Number of replicates to take account of the variability within samples
Selection of treatments to ensure fair comparison

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54
Q

Outbreeding

A

The mating of unrelated individuals of the same species

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55
Q

Why does outbreeding prevent expression of harmful traits

A

Because the recessive allele controlling the trait is masked by a dominant allele

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56
Q

Crossbreeding

A

Introduces unrelated genetic material into a breeding line increasing genetic diversity and reducing the probability of individuals having diseases or genetic abnormalities

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57
Q

Inbreeding

A

The mating of closely related individuals

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58
Q

Why are all inbred offspring homozygous for a desired trait

A

Because the selected plants or animals are bred for several generations until the population breeds true to the desired type due to the elimination of heterozygotes

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59
Q

Inbreeding depressions

A

The build up of homozygous deleterious alleles in breeders

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60
Q

Consequences of inbreeding depression (7)

A

Reduced yield, reproductive failures, poor health, small litters, reduced immune system, high susceptibility to infections and shorter lives

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61
Q

Self-pollinating plants are

A

Naturally inbreeding and do not generally experience inbreeding depressions

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62
Q

Why do self-pollinating plants not experience inbreeding depressions

A

Because of deleterious alleles being lost from the population during millions of years of natural selection

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63
Q

In animals and cross-breeding plants, inbreeding depressions are avoided by selecting parent plants that: (2)

A

Have the desired characteristic and are otherwise genetically diverse

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64
Q

Test crosses

A

When an individual with a dominant trait is crossed with a recessive individual, whether the individual is homozygous or heterozygous can be determined by analysing the offspring

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65
Q

In plants, what happens when F1 hybrids are produced by the crossing of two different inbred lines

A

They create a relatively uniform heterozygous crop

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66
Q

F1 hybrids often have

A

Increased vigour and yield

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67
Q

Why is a test cross required to maintain the new breed in an F2 population

A

Because an F2 population will have a wide variety of genotypes

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68
Q

What is the hybrid vigour that F1 hybrids show

A

They have improvements compared to their parents e.g. A higher yield or increased fertility

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69
Q

What does a high degree of heterozygosity in F1 hybrids mean for F2 generation

A

When the F1 generation is self-crossed, the F2 generation will show a variety of genotypes

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70
Q

The F2 generation is described as

A

genetically variable and is of little use for further production although it can provide a source of new variety

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71
Q

Genome sequencing in selecting and breeding

A

Used to identify organisms with specific desirable gene sequences

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72
Q

What can organisms width desirable gene sequences be used for

A

For breeding programmes to produce offspring also showing the desirable characteristic

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73
Q

Genetic transformation techniques

A

Allow a single gene to be inserted into a genome and this genome can be used in breeding programmes

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74
Q

Disadvantage of monocultures

A

Weed, pest and disease populations can multiply rapidly, reducing crop productivity

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74
Q

Disadvantage of monocultures

A

Weed, pest and disease populations can multiply rapidly, reducing crop productivity

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75
Q

Annual weeds

A

Grow, flower, set seed and die within the space of one year

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75
Q

Annual weeds

A

Grow, flower, set seed and die within the space of one year

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76
Q

Why are annual weeds successful?

A

They have rapid growth, short life cycle, high seed output and long term seed viability

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76
Q

Why are annual weeds successful?

A

They have rapid growth, short life cycle, high seed output and long term seed viability

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77
Q

Perennial weeds

A

Live for more than two years

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77
Q

Perennial weeds

A

Live for more than two years

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78
Q

Why are perennial weeds successful

A

They have storage organs which provide food when rates of photosynthesis are low and they can compete with crop plants as they are already well established in the area the crop is being planted

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78
Q

Why are perennial weeds successful

A

They have storage organs which provide food when rates of photosynthesis are low and they can compete with crop plants as they are already well established in the area the crop is being planted

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84
Q

Some perennial weeds have reproductive structures such as

A

Bulbs, rhizomes or tubers which new plants can grow from

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85
Q

Most of the pests of crop plants are invertebrate animals such as

A

Insects, nematodes and molluscs

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86
Q

Plant diseases can be caused by

A

Fungi, bacteria or viruses

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87
Q

How do invertebrates act as vectors to diseases

A

They facilitate the spread of diseases caused by microorganisms

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88
Q

What is an example of weeds, pests and diseases being controlled by cultural means

A

Crop rotation which prevents pests from having repeated access to the food source

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89
Q

Another example is

A

Ploughing as it buries crop residues that frequently harbour pests and diseases

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90
Q

Polyculture agriculture

A

Uses multiple crops in the same place, several crops are planted in the same field

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91
Q

Trap crops

A

Plants grown amongst a main crop simply because they are more attractive to pests

92
Q

Sanitation

A

The removal of crop residues and un-harvestable plants that might harbour pest insects from outside the pest area

93
Q

Why are planting times sometimes delayed

A

So that the crop is planted after a pest has emerged and died off

94
Q

Chemical control

A

The use of crop protection chemicals improves the yield and quality of crops

95
Q

Plant protection chemicals can be either

A

Selective or systematic

96
Q

Selective pesticides

A

Designed to affect one type of pest and leave other animals unharmed

97
Q

Modern selective insecticides

A

Single stranded RNA (sRNA) molecules which can act as blockers of gene action and kill insects, whilst leaving all other organisms unharmed

98
Q

Systematic pesticides

A

Type of chemical which is sprayed onto crops or soil and absorbed by the tissues of the crop plant, when a pest feeds on the plant, they ingest the chemical and die

99
Q

Systematic herbicides

A

Kill all plant matter they come into contact with meaning they are useful to clear a field of weeds before new crops are planted

100
Q

Systematic herbicides do not persist in the environment as they are

A

Biodegradable

101
Q

Systematic fungicides

A

Absorbed by crops and transported to all parts of the plant giving them protection from disease-causing fungus

102
Q

Protective applications of fungicide based on disease forecast

A

Often more effective than treating a diseased crop

103
Q

Disadvantage of plant protection chemicals and chemical insecticides

A

They are sometimes toxic to other animal species

104
Q

Bioaccumulation

A

Can cause toxic levels of poisoning to build up in an organism from a low level in the environment

105
Q

Biomagnification

A

Plant protection chemicals are magnified along food chains meaning that the concentration of the chemical increases as it moves from one trophic level to the next

106
Q

Resistant populations due to pesticides

A

The pesticides may result in a population selection pressure producing a resistant population

107
Q

Biological control

A

The control agent is a natural predator, parasite or pathogen of the pest

108
Q

Advantages of biological controls (3)

A

It’s specific as the the control agent only kills the pest
They breed naturally so do not accumulate in food chains causing harm and do not need to be constantly reapplied
The control agent is unlikely to harm humans and pests cannot become resistant

109
Q

Disadvantages of biological control

A

The control agent does not kill all pests, just manages population levels
If a natural predator is used it may become so successful it becomes an invasive species and interfere with food webs

110
Q

Advantages of chemical control

A

Chemicals can kill all pests and are easy to use

111
Q

Disadvantages of chemical control (3)

A

Chemicals are expensive and non-specific so could kill other organisms
Many pesticides are persistent and remain in the environment or bodies of organisms for a long time
Pests may become resistant to them as a result of mutation

112
Q

IPM (integrated pest management)

A

When biological, cultural and chemical control methods are combined to control pests

113
Q

Animal welfare

A

Both the physical and mental well-being of animals

114
Q

Five freedoms animals should have from brambell committee

A
  1. Freedom from hunger and thirst
  2. Freedom from chronic discomfort e.g. Heat, cold
  3. Freedom from pain, injury and disease
  4. Freedom to express normal behaviour
  5. Freedom from fear and the avoidance of stress whenever possible
115
Q

Behavioural indicators of poor welfare (4)

A

Stereotypy - a behaviour which involves unusual repetitive movements
Misdirected behaviours - feather pecking, tail biting, chewing bars or inanimate objects
Animals may fail to perform sexual behaviour or may reject/neglect offspring
Altered levels of activity

116
Q

Symbiosis

A

A relationship between two organisms from different species

116
Q

Symbiosis

A

A relationship between two organisms from different species

117
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

Involve direct contact between members of the two species and have usually evolved over millions of years

117
Q

Symbiotic relationships

A

Involve direct contact between members of the two species and have usually evolved over millions of years

118
Q

Symbiotic relationships can be grouped into two categories:

A

Parasitic, where one organism benefits and the other is harmed
Mutualistic, where both organisms benefit

118
Q

Symbiotic relationships can be grouped into two categories:

A

Parasitic, where one organism benefits and the other is harmed
Mutualistic, where both organisms benefit

119
Q

Parasitic relationships

A

A parasite benefits in terms of energy and nutrients whereas its host is harmed by the loss of these resources

119
Q

Parasitic relationships

A

A parasite benefits in terms of energy and nutrients whereas its host is harmed by the loss of these resources

120
Q

The transmission of parasites to host can occur by three methods:

A

Using direct contact such as headlice passing to another person
Resistant stages which are a part of the parasite’s lifecycle where they are resistant to adverse environmental conditions
Vectors, where carriers allow a parasite to pass from host to host

120
Q

The transmission of parasites to host can occur by three methods:

A

Using direct contact such as headlice passing to another person
Resistant stages which are a part of the parasite’s lifecycle where they are resistant to adverse environmental conditions
Vectors, where carriers allow a parasite to pass from host to host

121
Q

Example of resistant stage in a parasite

A

Human tapeworms use pigs as a secondary host therefore humans can become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat

121
Q

Example of resistant stage in a parasite

A

Human tapeworms use pigs as a secondary host therefore humans can become infected by ingesting raw or undercooked infected meat

122
Q

Example of a parasite vector

A

The mosquito is a vector which carries the plasmodium Protozoa (which causes malaria) from human to human

122
Q

Example of a parasite vector

A

The mosquito is a vector which carries the plasmodium Protozoa (which causes malaria) from human to human

123
Q

How are cellulose digesting bacteria in the guts of cows mutualistic?

A

Cows are herbivores but do not produce cellulase to breakdown cellulose in their food therefore they need the microorganisms in their stomach as they produce cellulase which allows cellulose to be broken down into constituent sugars which can then be used by the cow as a source of energy, the microorganisms benefit as well as they are provided with a warm and protected place to live with a plentiful food supply

123
Q

How are cellulose digesting bacteria in the guts of cows mutualistic?

A

Cows are herbivores but do not produce cellulase to breakdown cellulose in their food therefore they need the microorganisms in their stomach as they produce cellulase which allows cellulose to be broken down into constituent sugars which can then be used by the cow as a source of energy, the microorganisms benefit as well as they are provided with a warm and protected place to live with a plentiful food supply

124
Q

How are photosynthetic algae in the polyps of coral mutualistic

A

The polyps depend on the energy provided by the algae which carry out photosynthesis to produce carbohydrate, the carbohydrates are used by both organism and the algae are provided with shelter and nitrogen compounds for protein as they shelter within and between algae cells

124
Q

How are photosynthetic algae in the polyps of coral mutualistic

A

The polyps depend on the energy provided by the algae which carry out photosynthesis to produce carbohydrate, the carbohydrates are used by both organism and the algae are provided with shelter and nitrogen compounds for protein as they shelter within and between algae cells

125
Q

Evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes which were taken up by larger eukaryotic anaerobic cells, mitochondria evolved from aerobic prokaryotes, chloroplasts evolve from photosynthetic prokaryotes

125
Q

Evolution of mitochondria and chloroplasts

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes which were taken up by larger eukaryotic anaerobic cells, mitochondria evolved from aerobic prokaryotes, chloroplasts evolve from photosynthetic prokaryotes

126
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast are thought to be of endosymbiotic origin because of similarities to present day bacteria, these include:

A

Similar size and shape, similar rings of DNA and similar ribosomes, similar method of replication, similar enzymes and transport systems in the inner membrane, molecular studies of rRNA suggest that they originated in bacteria

126
Q

Mitochondria and chloroplast are thought to be of endosymbiotic origin because of similarities to present day bacteria, these include:

A

Similar size and shape, similar rings of DNA and similar ribosomes, similar method of replication, similar enzymes and transport systems in the inner membrane, molecular studies of rRNA suggest that they originated in bacteria

138
Q

Social hierarchy

A

Animals in social groups have dominant members who are high up and subordinate members who are low down

138
Q

Social hierarchy

A

Animals in social groups have dominant members who are high up and subordinate members who are low down

139
Q

Dominant females mating behaviour when food is plenty or scarse

A

Plenty - dominant female mates and allows others to mate
Scarce - dominant female mates but allows fewer of others to mate to ensure enough food is available for dominant females offspring to survive

139
Q

Dominant females mating behaviour when food is plenty or scarse

A

Plenty - dominant female mates and allows others to mate
Scarce - dominant female mates but allows fewer of others to mate to ensure enough food is available for dominant females offspring to survive

140
Q

How does the dominant individual ensure its high rank

A

By a system of aggressive or threat displays

140
Q

How does the dominant individual ensure its high rank

A

By a system of aggressive or threat displays

141
Q

Advantages of social hierarchy (6)

A 
Aggression between members is ritualised
Real fighting is kept to a minimum
Serious injury is avoided 
Energy is conserved 
Experienced leadership guaranteed
Most powerful animals most likes to pass on genes
141
Q

Advantages of social hierarchy (6)

A 
Aggression between members is ritualised
Real fighting is kept to a minimum
Serious injury is avoided 
Energy is conserved 
Experienced leadership guaranteed
Most powerful animals most likes to pass on genes
142
Q

Cooperative hunting

A

Predatory animals may hunt together to optimise energy gain

142
Q

Cooperative hunting

A

Predatory animals may hunt together to optimise energy gain

143
Q

Benefits of cooperative hunting

A

Prey will be large and less energy used to ensure kill, kill will be shared between all members of the group, even subordinate members, subordinate members will therefore gain more food than by foraging alone

143
Q

Benefits of cooperative hunting

A

Prey will be large and less energy used to ensure kill, kill will be shared between all members of the group, even subordinate members, subordinate members will therefore gain more food than by foraging alone

144
Q

Social defence

A

Animals living in groups use social defence relying on safety in numbers

144
Q

Social defence

A

Animals living in groups use social defence relying on safety in numbers

145
Q

Altruistic behaviour

A

Benefits the recipient and harms the donor

145
Q

Altruistic behaviour

A

Benefits the recipient and harms the donor

146
Q

Altruistic meerkat behaviour

A

Meerkat lookouts cannot forage (donor) but other meerkats forage and are warned if a predator approaches (recipient)

146
Q

Altruistic meerkat behaviour

A

Meerkat lookouts cannot forage (donor) but other meerkats forage and are warned if a predator approaches (recipient)

147
Q

Advantage of altruism to a social group

A

Behaviour is often reciprocated with members taking turns as donors

147
Q

Advantage of altruism to a social group

A

Behaviour is often reciprocated with members taking turns as donors

148
Q

Kin selection

A

Altruism is common between closely related individuals increasing the survival of shared genes

148
Q

Kin selection

A

Altruism is common between closely related individuals increasing the survival of shared genes

160
Q

Social insects

A

Bees, wasps, ants and termites have evolved a structured society, only a few individuals reproduce and the majority of the members supply food and raise offspring

161
Q

Social bee society

A

Solitary queen is fertilised by drones (fertile males) and workers (infertile males) gather food, defend, and ensure the survival of offspring

162
Q

How is a bee colony an example of kin selection

A

Colony work with relatives to raise relatives and ensure survival of shared genes

163
Q

Keystone species

A

Stability is brought about by keystone species in some ecosystems

164
Q

Honey bees as keystone species

A

They are pollinators and are needed by flowering plants that form the base of food pyramids

165
Q

Why are termites, honey bees, and parasitic wasps of economic importance

A

Because they provide an economic service as decomposers, pollinators and pest controls

166
Q

Complex primate behaviour is learned through

A

A long period of parental care

167
Q

Advantages of complex primate behaviour

A

Support social structure of species and reduce conflict

168
Q

Behaviours that reduce conflict are (2)

A

Ritualistic - looking larger and fiercer

Appeasement - displayed by subordinate individuals in response to ritualistic displays

169
Q

Examples of appeasement behaviour (4)

A

Grooming, facial expressions, body postures, sexual presentation

170
Q

Grooming

A

The preening of one animals coat by another, reduces tension and strengthens alliances to increase social status in the group

171
Q

Facial expressions

A

Include eye closing, teeth baring, mouth opening, act as signals to indicate social heirarchy and avoid conflict

172
Q

Body postures

A

Lowering of body and bowing actions, act as signals to indicate social heirarchy and helps avoid conflict

173
Q

Sexual presentation

A

Presentation of genitalia by females to males, acts as a signal by females to appease dominant males and avoid aggression

174
Q

Examples of external factors which play a role in the evolution of primate behaviour (5)

A 
Complexity of social structure
Taxonomic group
Group size
Ecological niche occupied
Distribution of food and shelter
175
Q

Mass extinction event and three examples

A

An event that results in a large number of species being wiped out in a relatively short geological time e.g. Permian, Cretaceous and Holocene

175
Q

Mass extinction event and three examples

A

An event that results in a large number of species being wiped out in a relatively short geological time e.g. Permian, Cretaceous and Holocene

176
Q

Response of biodiversity to mass extinction

A

It slowly recovers due to speciation of survivors to fill vacant ecological niches

176
Q

Response of biodiversity to mass extinction

A

It slowly recovers due to speciation of survivors to fill vacant ecological niches

177
Q

Evidence that arrival of humans caused extinction of megafauna

A

Fossil records

177
Q

Evidence that arrival of humans caused extinction of megafauna

A

Fossil records

178
Q

The escalating rate of ecosystem degradation caused by humans is causing

A

The rate of species extinction to be much higher than the natural background rate

178
Q

The escalating rate of ecosystem degradation caused by humans is causing

A

The rate of species extinction to be much higher than the natural background rate

179
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Genetic variation which can be measured by the number and frequency of all the alleles in a population

179
Q

Genetic diversity

A

Genetic variation which can be measured by the number and frequency of all the alleles in a population

180
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

Refers to the number of number of distinct ecosystems within a defined area

180
Q

Ecosystem diversity

A

Refers to the number of number of distinct ecosystems within a defined area

181
Q

Species diversity

A

The number of species in an ecosystem (richness) and the proportion of each species in the ecosystem (relative abundance)

181
Q

Species diversity

A

The number of species in an ecosystem (richness) and the proportion of each species in the ecosystem (relative abundance)

189
Q

Island biogeography

A

Study of factors which affect the distribution and diversity of species of islands

190
Q

True islands

A

Surrounded by water

191
Q

Habitat islands

A

An area surrounded by an ecosystem which is so different from it that the species within it cannot colonise the surrounding area

192
Q

The more isolated a habitat island

A

The lower the extent of diversity found among the species

193
Q

The smaller an islands surface area

A

The lower the level of species diversity

194
Q

Overexploitation

A

To remove and use up individuals at a rate faster than they are able to produce

195
Q

Overexploitation (overfishing and new policies)

A

Many fish populations reduced by 60-95%
New EU regulations mean fishermen have fixed quotas, this ensures that populations are able to recover and avoid extinction

196
Q

Bottleneck effect

A

Small populations may lose genetic variation necessary to enable evolutionary responses to environmental change after a fire, flood or earthquake wipe out a significant percentage of the population

197
Q

Effects of bottleneck effect

A

Members are similar meaning reproduction is equivalent to inbreeding resulting in poorer rates of reproduction followed by extinction or slow recovery and survival

198
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

This process results in the formation of several habitat fragments whose surface area is less than that of the original habitat

199
Q

Fragment degradation

A

Degradation of the edges of these fragments further decreases the size of the fragment and the number of habitats

200
Q

The smaller the fragments

A

The smaller the populations it is able to support increasing chance of extinction

201
Q

Edge species

A

Adapted to live around the edges of fragments

202
Q

Interior species

A

Species adapted to live on the inside of a fragment

203
Q

As edge species number increase they may

A

Be driven to invade the interior of a fragment and compete with an interior species

204
Q

Habitat corridors

A

Remedy widespread habitat fragmentation, allowing species to move between habitat fragments and feed, move and recolonise after local extinctions

205
Q

Introduced species

A

Species that humans have moved either intentionally or unintentionally to new geographical locations

205
Q

Introduced species

A

Species that humans have moved either intentionally or unintentionally to new geographical locations

206
Q

Naturalised species

A

Introduced species that become established within the wild communities in their new habitat

206
Q

Naturalised species

A

Introduced species that become established within the wild communities in their new habitat

207
Q

Invasive species

A

Naturalised species that spread rapidly and eliminate native species

207
Q

Invasive species

A

Naturalised species that spread rapidly and eliminate native species

208
Q

Effects of invasive species

A

May be free of predators, parasites, pathogens and competitors that limit their population in their native habitat and they may prey on native species, out-compete them or hybridise with them

208
Q

Effects of invasive species

A

May be free of predators, parasites, pathogens and competitors that limit their population in their native habitat and they may prey on native species, out-compete them or hybridise with them

209
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation and keep the planet warm, this is necessary for life

209
Q

Greenhouse effect

A

Greenhouse gases trap infrared radiation and keep the planet warm, this is necessary for life

210
Q

Global warming

A

Population increases, energy used increases, greenhouse gases increase, greenhouse effect increases, dramatic climate change levels occur

210
Q

Global warming

A

Population increases, energy used increases, greenhouse gases increase, greenhouse effect increases, dramatic climate change levels occur

211
Q

Effect of climate change on biodiversity

A

Coniferous forest communities are invading the region previously occupied by tundra species creating more competition for tundra species and temperatures are increasing meaning biodiversity will decrease

211
Q

Effect of climate change on biodiversity

A

Coniferous forest communities are invading the region previously occupied by tundra species creating more competition for tundra species and temperatures are increasing meaning biodiversity will decrease

212
Q

Generalists

A

Tolerate wide range of climatic conditions and adapt to change quickly

212
Q

Generalists

A

Tolerate wide range of climatic conditions and adapt to change quickly

213
Q

Specialists

A

Highly specialised to live in one specific ecosystem and may be unable to adapt quickly enough to climate change before facing extinction

213
Q

Specialists

A

Highly specialised to live in one specific ecosystem and may be unable to adapt quickly enough to climate change before facing extinction

214
Q

Effect of generalists moving into specialists’ ecosystems

A

Increase in competition, decrease in biodiversity

214
Q

Effect of generalists moving into specialists’ ecosystems

A

Increase in competition, decrease in biodiversity

215
Q

Climate change modelling system

A

Uses quantitative methods to simulate the interaction between factors that affect and are affected by climate

215
Q

Climate change modelling system

A

Uses quantitative methods to simulate the interaction between factors that affect and are affected by climate

216
Q

Limitations of climate change modelling

A

Most information fed in is speculation
Future levels of greenhouse gases are unknown
Other aspects such as increased temp and decreased rainfall remain guesstimates
Caution must be exerted when drawing conclusions

216
Q

Limitations of climate change modelling

A

Most information fed in is speculation
Future levels of greenhouse gases are unknown
Other aspects such as increased temp and decreased rainfall remain guesstimates
Caution must be exerted when drawing conclusions

From Flashcardlet (64 decks)

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