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Higher Order Cerebral Function Flashcards

1
Q

Superior (Myers’s striations) optic radiations move through the _______ lobe and what retinal input does it carry?

A

Parietal lobe

Inferior retinal input

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2
Q

Inferior (Myers’s striations) optic radiations travel through what lobe and what info does it carry

A

Temporal lobe

Superior retinal info

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3
Q

Occipital pole is in charge of what? Describe its blood supply

A

Macular vision

Bilateral blood supply

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4
Q

Damage to the fovea of the eye results in

A

Central scotoma

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5
Q

Damage to the optic nerve results in

A

Monocular blindness (ipsilaterally blindness)

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6
Q

Damage to the optic chasm leads to

This is common in __________ because of its proximity

A

Bitemporal hemianopia

Pituitary tumors

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7
Q

Damage to the optic tract leads to

Also happens in damage to the…

A

Contralateral Homonymous hemianopia

Thalamus

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8
Q

Damage to inferior striations (radiations) leads to

A

Superior quadrantopia

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9
Q

Damage to the superior striations (radiations) leads to

A

Inferior quadrantopia

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10
Q

Damage to the primary visual cortex will result in

A

Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

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11
Q

Why does macular sparing occur in damage to the primary visual cortex

A

Because of the bilateral blood supply

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12
Q

The parieto-occipital association cortex recieve information on what

A

Location!

Analyze motion and spatial relationships between objects and body&visual stim.

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13
Q

What info is analyzed by occipitotemporal association cortex

A

Form (what)

Color, faces, letters etc

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14
Q

Why can we have conjugate eye movements

A

Through MLF…. occulomotor, trochlear, abducens and vestibular fibers are interconnected

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15
Q

What are considered the horizontal gaze centers

A

Abducens nu

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16
Q

The paramedics pontine reticular formation is active in what eye movements

A

Horizontal

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17
Q

The rostral midbrain reticular formation is involved in what eye movements

A

Vertical

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18
Q

Define saccades

A

Rapid, voluntary eye movements that function to bring targets of interest into field
of view

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19
Q

Smooth pursuit def

A

Slow following of a visual target while allowing for stable viewing of moving targets

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20
Q

Vergence def

A

Maintain fused fixation by both eyes as targets move towards or away from the
individual

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21
Q

Where are frontal eye fields found and what is its function

A

Superior frontal sulcus and pre central sulcus

Generate contralateral saccades (via connections to contralateral PPRF)

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22
Q

What is the function of the parietal-occipital-temporal cortex

A

Generate ipsilateral smooth pursuit (via connections with vestibular nu, cerebellum, and pprf)

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23
Q

What hemisphere contains language centers

A

Left hemisphere

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24
Q

Many left handlers show _____________ language represent

A

Bilateral

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25
The Broca’s area is where
Neural representations for words converting to sound output
26
Wernikes area function
Neural representations for sounds are converting into word output
27
Brocas and wernikes are connected by what? Where does it travel
Arcuate fasciculus | Superior to Sylvia’s fissure
28
The frontal lobe connects to wernickes area for what function
Higher order motor aspects of speech formation and syntax (arrangement of words)
29
Supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus connect with wernickes area for what function?
Lexicon(vocab) and writing
30
Visual cortex and visual association cortex have what function with language
Reading
31
Language can be impaired with damage to
Nondominate hemisphere and subcortical structures (thalamus and basal ganglia)
32
Impairments of language centers in the non dominant hemisphere because of the ____________
Corpus callosum
33
The non dominant hemisphere is involved in the _________ elements of speech
Affective
34
Aphasia def
a disturbance of one or more aspects of the complex process of comprehending and formulating verbal messages that result from newly acquired disease of the central nervous system (Code & Muller, 1996)”
35
Describe brocas hemisphere
Sometimes referred to as, “motor aphasia” Impaired language production Aware of deficits
36
Describe wernickes aphasia
Impaired language comprehension Unaware of deficits
37
Global aphasia displays
Brocas and wernickes impairments
38
Def alexia
Impairment in reading ability
39
When might you see alexia without aphasia
Lesion to the dominant occipital cortex extending to the posterior corpus callosum (PCA)
40
Def agraphia
Impairment in writing ability
41
When may you see agraphia without aphasia
Lesions of inferior parietal lobe of language dominant hemisphere
42
What function does the non dominant hemisphere have with language?
Complex visual-spatial skills Imparts emotional significance to events and language Music perception Perceptual integration
43
Perception def
Perceiving is the capacity to transform information from the senses (touch, hearing, vision, smell, taste, kinesthesia) and use it to interact appropriately to the environment
44
Perception is a selective, integrative, dynamic process involved in
Problem solving and memory
45
4 components of perceptual exam components
Body schema/body image impairment Spatial relationships Agnosias Apraxia
46
Body image def
Conscious appraisal of one’s body Visual and mental image
47
Body schema def
Postural model of the body (Unconscious motor and postural control of one’s body) Includes relationship of body parts to eachother and their relationship of the body to the environment (THINK: body awareness, body experience)
48
Unilateral inattention def
Failure to orient toward, respond to, or report stimuli on the side contralateral to the lesion (Despite normal sensory, motor and visual systems)
49
When might you find unilateral inattention
Mostly occurs with R temporoparietal junction, posterior parietal lesions Also: dorsolateral frontal, cingulate gyrus, thalamic, putamen lesions
50
Unilateral inattention is a ______________ impairment
Body schema
51
Two classifications of unilateral inattention
Modality (sensory motor or representational) | Distribution (personal or spatial)
52
3 Classifications of modality unilateral inattention
Sensory- Auditory, Visual or Tactile Motor- “Output neglect” Representational- Loss of internally generated images
53
2 ways to classify distribution inattention
Spatial and personal
54
Personal distribution of inattention is
Lack of exploration or awareness of contralateral side of the body
55
Spatial distribution of inattention is
Failure to acknowledge stimuli of the contralateral side of space
56
What is peripersonal spatial distribution of inattention
Inattention to things within reaching distance
57
What is extrapersonal spatial distribution of inattention
Inattention to things outside reaching space
58
What is position in space disorder
Decreased ability to perceive and interpret spatial concepts (Up down in out over under etc)
59
What is right-left discrimination
Decreased R/L differentiation with body parts and with following directions
60
What is topographical disorientation
Difficulty perceiving relationships from one location to another in the environment
61
What is depth and distance perception disorientation
Inaccurate judgment of direction, distance, and depth
62
What is vertical/midline disorientation
Cannot identify when body is in middle
63
Agnosia def
Decreased ability to recognize stimuli despite intact sensory function
64
Visual agnosia def
Inability to recognize familiar objects despite normal eye function Ex. Prosopagnosia
65
Auditory agnosia def
Inability to recognize non-speech sounds or discriminate between them
66
What are 2 types of tactile agnosia
Astereogenosis | Agraohesthesia
67
Astereognosis
Inability to recognize objects when handling them, despite normal tactile sensations
68
Agraohesthesia
Inability to recognize symbols when they’re traced on the skin
69
When agnosia combines with body schema, you can get what 2 impairments
Asomatignosia and anosognosia
70
Asomatognosia def
Lack of awareness of presence of and or relationship of body parts Loss of ownership or agency over a limb
71
Anosognosia def
Sever condition where pathogensesis is not fully understood Denial or lack of awareness of presence or severity of one’s deficits Can also demonstrate astereognosis
72
Apraxia def
Impairment of voluntary , skilled, well learned movement Without deficits I motor function sensory function or coordination Perceptual deficits seen with lesions to left/dominant frontal or parietal lobes
73
Two types of apraxia
Ideomotor and ideational
74
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex function
Switching attention, working memory, maintaining abstract rules, and inhibiting inappropriate responses
75
Orbitofrontal Prefrontal Cortex
Decision making
76
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Emotional processing, aids in decision- making, short-term memory (sec to min), self-perception, and social cognition
77
Functions of the frontal lobes fall into what 3 categories
Restraint initiative and order
78
The prefrontal cortex is known for its role in
Executive function Planning, decision-making, problem-solving, self-control, and acting with long-term goals in mind

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