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Limbic Flashcards

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1
Q

Limbic system functions include

A

Homeostasis
Olfaction
Memory
Emotion and Drive

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2
Q

Where is the hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

Forms walls and floor of 3rd ventricle

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3
Q

Components of the hypothalamus

A

Many important nu
Tuber cinereum
Mammillary bodies
Infundibulum

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4
Q

Function of the hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis by way of endocrine (pituitary gland) autonomic and limbic control

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5
Q

What structures send information to the hypothalamus for homeostasis

A

Solitary Nu.
Reticular formation and SC
Retinal pathways

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6
Q

What info does the solitary nu. Send to the hypothalamus

A

Visceral info from vagus n on BP/HR and gut distention

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7
Q

What information do the reticular formation and sc send to the hypothalamus

A

Thermoregulation

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8
Q

Damage to the anterior hypothalamus would result in what (in relation to thermoregulation)? Why?

A

Hyperthermia

Anterior hypothalamus detects increases in body temp to activate mechanisms of heat dissipation

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9
Q

The ____________ hypothalamus detects decreases in body temp and activates mechanisms of heat conservation

A

Posterior hypothalamus

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10
Q

What type of information do the retinal pathways send to the hypothalamus?

A

Input of day/night > circadian rhythm

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11
Q

What nucleus of the hypothalamus regulates circadian rhythms? By input of what?

A 
Suprachiasmatic nu (SCN)
From retinal ganglion cells (photosensitivity)
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12
Q

When the hypothalamus gets told that it is DAYTIME what does it do?

A

The posterior hypothalamic nu contain glutamatergic, histaminergic, and orexin neurons that contribute to arousal

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13
Q

Damage to the posterior hypothalamic nu will cause

A

Hypersomnia

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14
Q

Damage to the SCN (suprachiasmatic nu) will result in

A

Insomnia

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15
Q

What does the hypothalamus do in response to being told that it is NIGHTTIME

A

The SCN projects to other nuclei and pineal gland to modulate body temp and release hormones for sleep (cortisol and melatonin)

Anterior hypothalamus sends inhibitory projections to RAS of reticular formation

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16
Q

The limbic system send what information to the hypothalamus

A

Stimulate/inhibit hunger/thirst
Reproductive behavior
Emotional influence on autonomic pathways (bidirectional)
Homeostatic control on immune regulation (bidirectional)

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17
Q

What information do the circumventricular organs send to the hypothalamus?

A

changes in osmolarity and when toxins enter the brain

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18
Q

Damage to the lateral hypothalamus will result in what (limbic system)? Why?

A

Weight loss because lateral hypothalamus stimulates hunger/thirst

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19
Q

Damage to the medial hypothalamus will result in what (limbic system)? Why?

A

Obesity because it inhibits hunger/thirst

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20
Q

What systems does the hypothalamus send information to?

A

Autonomic
Endocrine
Limbic

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21
Q

What information does the hypothalamus send to the autonomic system?

A

Projections to parasympathetic and sympathetic systems to control HR, vasoconstriction, digestion, sweating etc

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22
Q

What information does the hypothalamus send to the limbic system?

A

Reciprocal connections that further impact autonomic and endocrine function

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23
Q

The hypothalamus communicates with the hippocampus and amygdala to

A

Attach memory and emotion

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24
Q

Function of the anterior pituitary

A

It contains glandular cells that synthesize and release a variety of hormones into circulation

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25
Function of the posterior pituitary
Contains axons and terminals of neurons whose cell bodies are in hypothalamus Also release hormones into circulation
26
What hormones are secreted by the anterior pituitary
``` Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) GH Prolactin TSH LH FSH ```
27
Function of the Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Stimulates adrenal cortex for corticosteroid synthesis >maintain BP, electrolyte balance, promote glucose mobilization
28
Function of GH
Increased growth of long bones and other tissues
29
Prolactin function
Stimulate mammillary glands for breast milk production
30
TSH function
Produce T3 and T4 and promote cellular metabolism
31
LH function
Regulate ovarian hormones
32
FSH function
Regulate testicular hormones
33
Release of anterior pituitary hormones is controlled by
Hypothalamus
34
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary
Oxytocin and vasopressin
35
Function of oxytocin
Smooth muscle contraction and plays a roll in compassion and social bonding
36
Function of vasopressin
Promotes water retention by kidneys | Regulates BP
37
Hormones released by posterior pituitary are made by
The hypothalamus
38
Primary olfaction cortex is a combination of
Piriform cortex and periamygdaloid cortex
39
Where does olfactory information go to integrate smell and memory
Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Parahippocampal cortex
40
What does the orbitofrontal olfactory area do?
Smell discrimination
41
What does the amygdala do with olfactory info
Integrate smell with emotion and motivation
42
Memory lasting a second or less is considered ….. | where is it stored
Attention or registration Brainstem-diencephalon connections Frontoparietal ass. Cort. Uni- hetero- modal ass. Cort.
43
Working memory lasts how long… | Where is it stored
Seconds-minutes Frontal association Cort. Uni- hetero- modal ass. Cort.
44
Consolidation memory lasts how long….. | Where is it stored
Medial temporal and diencephalic structures Uni-hetero- modal association cortices
45
Declarative/explicit memory includes
Facts and events
46
Nondeclarative/implicit memory includes
Skills/habits Priming Simple classical conditioning Nonassociative learning
47
Medial temporal lobe memory areas include
Hippocampus formation Parahippocampal gyrus Perirhinal cortex
48
Medial diencephalic memory areas include
Mediodorsal and anterior nu of thalamus (additional thalami nu play smaller rolls as well) Mammillary bodies of hypothalamus
49
Hippocampus formation is made of
Dentate gyrus Hippocampus Subiculum
50
The hippocampal formation is a major center for components of
Long-term memory
51
Parahippocampal gyrus includes
Entorhinal cortex (rostral) and Parahippocampal cortex (caudal)
52
Parahippocampal gyrus function
Memory encoding and retrieval
53
Perirhinal cortex function
Facilitates the recognition and identification of environmental stimuli
54
Medial temporal lobe structures receive input from…
Heteromodal association cortex via entorhinal cortex Contralateral hippocampus via hippocampal commissars Basal forebrain and septal nu
55
The basal forebrain and septal nu send cholinergic (ACH) projections to medial temporal lobe memory structures for..
``` Neuromodulatior effect (neuron excitability and synaptic plasticity) Hippocampal theta rhythm ```
56
Medial temporal lobe memory structures send output to
Heteromodal association cortex via entorhinal cortex Medial diencephalic structures - mediodorsal nu via inferior thalami peduncle - thalamus, hypothalamus ext. via fornix
57
The medial temporal lobe memory structures send into to the mediodorsal nucleus for what functions
Working memory | Executive function and memory
58
What is working memory
Holding concept briefly in awareness while a mental operation is performed
59
The fornix connects the hippocampus with variety of subcortical regions, including
Mammillary bodies of hypothalamus Anterior nu of thalamus Septal nu (bidirectional)
60
What effect does the septal nu have
Modulatory
61
Temporal poles have strong connections with…
Hippocampus, amygdala, and orbital prefrontal cortex
62
The left temporal pole function
Semantic memory | Meanings, names, general impersonal facts
63
Overall function of the temporal poles
Social and emotional processing
64
Right temporal pole function
Personal and episodic memories | Closely associated with emotion and socially relevant memories
65
Main structure involved with emotion and drive
Amygdala
66
Amygdala function
Attracting emotional significance to various stimuli perceived by association cortices
67
The amygdala receives input from
All senses and visceral inputs
68
The amygdala regulation of emotion and drive is a complex, ____________ connection with __________&_________ areas
Bidirectional | Cortical and subcortical
69
What structures connect for appetitive states (emotional and motivational aspects of smell)
Amygdala, olfactory system and hypothalamus
70
What structures process fear to trigger “fight or flight” via autonomic control
Amygdala, hypothalamus and brainstem
71
Connections between amygdala and the hypothalamus are __________ and between Amygdala and brainstem are ___________
Bidirectional | Efferent from amygdala
72
Amygdala is connected to the mediodorsal nu of the thalamus for…
“Fear reflex” Emotional learning > projections to hippocampus
73
The amygdala is connected to the limbic cortex and hypothalamus for..
Neuroendocrinological modulation (changes in different emotional states)
74
What connection to the amygdala is involved with olfaction, emotion, and forming new memories?
Uncus
75
What connection to the amygdala deals with emotional aspects of memory, especially the fear-inducing events
Hippocampal formation
76
What connections to the amygdala process rewarding/pleasurable experiences
Septal nu and basal forebrain
77
Function of the connection between amygdala and medial orbitofrontal cortex
Decision making and emotion (identify poor/good choices) | Modulation of bodily changes associated with emotion
78
Dense interconnections with amygdala and hypothalamus describes
Anterior cingulate cortex
79
Function of anterior cingulate cortex
Regulation of affect Assigning emotion to internal and eternal stim/ Making vocalizations associated with expression of states or desires Regulates autonomic and endocrine responses, pain perception, and selection, and initiation of motor movements
80
Posterior cingulate cortex function
Recall of autobiographical memories (more involved when memories have emotional quality)

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