Higher Order Functions - Right Hemisphere/Prefrontal Cortex

Question 1

What is perception?

Answer 1

the capacity to transform info from senses and use it to interact appropriately to the environment

Question 2

perception involves what 3 processes?

Answer 2

selective
integrative
dynamic
these all include: problem solving and memory

Question 3

what is body image

Answer 3

visual and mental image of one’s body

perceptions, attitudes, beliefs about own body

Question 4

what is body scheme

Answer 4

postural model of the body
includes relationship of body parts to each other and their relationship of the body to the environment (think body awareness, body experience)

Question 5

unilateral neglect/inattention

Answer 5

failure to orient toward, respond to, or respond to, or report stimuli on the side contra to lesion despite normal sensory, motor and visual systems

Question 6

what types of injuries are usually assoc with unilateral neglect

Answer 6

R temporparietal junction, posterior parietal lesions, dorsolateral frontal, cingulate lyric, thalamic and putamen lesions

Question 7

what side is neglect is most common

Answer 7

left

Question 8

What are the two classifications of unilateral neglect and what types are under each classificiation

Answer 8

modality (sensory, motor, representational)

distribution (personal, spatial)

Question 9

Sensory Neglect

Answer 9

auditory (least common)
tactile
visual (most common)

Question 10

Motor Neglect

Answer 10

“output neglect”
unable to generate movement in response to stimuli even if aware of what you want to do
these pts will usually have 5/5 MMT

Question 11

Representational Neglect

Answer 11

loss of internally generated images on the contralateral side of the lesion

Question 12

Personal Neglect

Answer 12

lack of exploration or awareness of contralateral side of the body

Question 13

spatial neglect and what are the two different types

Answer 13

failure to acknowledge stimuli of the contralateral side of space
peripersonal
extrapersonal

Question 14

what is peripersonal neglect

Answer 14

within reaching space

these pts will neglect things in the environment within arm’s length

Question 15

what is extrapersonal neglect

Answer 15

everything in arm’s reach is fine but faraway is where these pts neglect

Question 16

Asomatoagnosia

Answer 16

add in body scheme impairment
lack of awareness or presence of and/or relationship of body parts
“that’s not my arm”

Question 17

Position-in-space disorder

Answer 17

decreased ability to perceive and interpret spatial concepts
ex. these pts can walk to the sink but if you tell them to go behind the pingpong table they won’t be able to get to the sink

Question 18

Right-left discrimination

Answer 18

decreased differentiation bw R/L with bod parts and following directions

Question 19

Topographical disorientation

Answer 19

difficulty perceiving relationships from one location to another in the enviornment
ex. these pts can read the directions but when it actually comes to making a turn on that road they will miss the turn

Question 20

figure ground

Answer 20

inability to distinguish a figure from the background in which it is embedded
ex. someone wearing a red dress in front of red background these pts won’t see the person

Question 21

spatial relations disorder

Answer 21

inability to perceive relationship of one object in space to another object or to oneself

Question 22

depth and distance perception

Answer 22

inaccurate judgement of direction, distance, and depth

Question 23

vertical disorientation/midline disorientation

Answer 23

cannot identify when body is in middle
this is a body scheme disorder
ex. when you walk into Ms Jones room and she is sitting kinda crooked instead of sitting up straight/right

Question 24

agnosia and what are the 3 types

Answer 24

decreased ability to recognize stimuli despite intact sensory function
visual, auditory, tactile

Question 25

visual agnosia

Answer 25

inability to recognize familiar objects despite normal eye function ex. prosopagnosia (inability to recognize familiar faces)

Question 26

auditory agnosia

Answer 26

inability to recognize non-speech sounds or to discriminate bw them ex. was that the doorbell or the phone ringing?

Question 27

tactile agnosia has 2 aspects what are they and what do they do

Answer 27

asterognosis - inability to recognize objects when handling them, despite normal tactile sensations agraphesthesia - inability to recognize symbols when traced on the skin

Question 28

what is an agnosia with body scheme impairment

Answer 28

anosognosia

Question 29

what is anosognosia

Answer 29

severe condition these pts believe they are fine with everything (they are in denial about deficits) may also demonstrate asterognosis maybe an injury to supra marginal gyrus?

Question 30

apraxia

Answer 30

impairment of voluntary, skilled, well-learned movement without deficits in motor, sensory, or coordination

Question 31

apraxia is typically seen with lesions to what 2 areas and what side

Answer 31

left/dominant frontal or parietal

Question 32

what are the two types of apraxia

Answer 32

ideomotor | ideational

Question 33

what is ideomotor apraxia

Answer 33

breakdown bw concept and performance | ex. this pt can tell you exactly how to pickup the cup but then they cannot pickup the cup

Question 34

what is ideational apraxia

Answer 34

failure in the conceptualization of the task | ex. these pts cannot tell you how to pickup the cup and cannot pickup the cup

Question 35

The frontal lobe makes up how much of the cortex

Answer 35

1/3

Question 36

Prefrontal cortex takes up what % of the brain

Answer 36

10%

Question 37

the prefrontal cortex functions to ___________.

Answer 37

orchestrate thoughts and actions in accordance with internal goals

Question 38

what is prefrontal cortex best known for its role in? and What aspects fall under this umbrella?

Answer 38

executive function | planning, decision making, problem solving, self control, acting with LT goals in mind

Question 39

what are the 3 cortices that are part of the prefrontal cortex

Answer 39

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Question 40

what is the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in charge of

Answer 40

switching attention working memory, maintaining abstract rules, and inhibiting inappropriate responses

Question 41

what is orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

Answer 41

decision making

Question 42

what is the ventromedial prefrontal cortex in charge of

Answer 42

emotional processing, aid decision making, ST memory, self-perception, social cognition

Question 43

where do we see connections to/from prefrontal cortex

Answer 43

``` association cortices limbic cortex amygdala hippocampus thalamus (mediodorsal nu) BG ```

Question 44

what are the 3 functions of the frontal lobes

Answer 44

restraint initiative order

Question 45

what are the 5 symptoms of frontal lobe lesions

Answer 45

disinhibition (silly behavior, crass jokes, aggressive outburst) innappropriate jocularity (ex. laugh at funeral) limited insight utilization behavior/environmental dependence (respond to whatever stimuli at hand even when not appropriate) frontal release signs (ex. palmar reflex, grasp reflex, sucking reflex, etc)