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Higher unit 2 Flashcards

(74 cards)

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1
Q

How are esters formed

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid ——-> ester + water

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2
Q

Making esters in a lab

A

Equal amounts of carboxylic acid and alcohol are swirled together
Sulphuric acid added (Provides H+ ions) (catalyst)
Place in hot water bath
Poured into sodium carbonate solution

Neutralises acid
Produces CO2
Immecible layer formed
Characteristic smell

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3
Q

Esters

A

Low boiling point
Insoluble in water
Neutralises acid
Spilt by hydrolysis to form carboyilic acid and alcohol ( reversible reaction )

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4
Q

Uses of esters

A

Food dyes
Perfumes
Aspirin- medical
Nail varnish

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5
Q

Hydrolysis of esters

A

Heating in the presence of dilute acid such as HCl to provide hydrogen ions to catalysts the hydrolysis

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6
Q

Fats

A 
Source of energy 
Vitamins and essasial fatty acids
High boiling points solid at room temp
Formed by a condensation reaction
Insoluble in water
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7
Q

Oils

A 
Source of energy 
Vitamins and essential fatty acids
Low melting point than room temp
Formed by a condensation reaction
I soluable in water
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8
Q

Different types of fats and oils

A

Vegetable - olive oil, palm oil
Animal - lard
Marine - cod liver oil

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9
Q

Condensation reaction

A

Glycerol + carboxylic acid ——> triglyceride

Can be saturated or unsaturated

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10
Q

Glycerol

A

Fatty acid

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11
Q

Saturated fats and oils

A

Saturated- no carbon double bond
Molecules can neatly pack togther
Strong intermolecular forces of attraction

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12
Q

Unsaturated fats and oils

A

Carbon to carbon double bond
Hard to pack tightly unless frozen
Weaker LDF’s

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13
Q

How to solidify oils

A

Addition reaction - hydrogenation
Adding hydrogens across the double bonds
Catalyst needed e.g nickel

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14
Q

Why do fats and oils not dissolve in water

A

They are polar

Long hydrocarbon chains cannot bond to water and there are n polar groups or ions that can bond o water

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15
Q

How are soaps made

A

Fat or oil + alkali ——-> salt + water
Alkali e.g sodium hydroxide, potassium
Hydrolysis
Neutralisation with an alkali

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16
Q

How is the soap extracted

A

Large excess of sodium chloride and then filtered off

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17
Q

Proteins in animals

A

Animal tissue

Regulation of life

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18
Q

Proteins

A 
All contain nitrogen/amines
Produces acrid-smelling alkaline gases
20 frequently occurring amino acids 
Pass through blood stream 
Hydrogen bonding causes the complex structure
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19
Q

Amines

A

Nitrogen contains substances

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20
Q

Examples of proteins

A

Insulin - found in pancreas - hormone helps cool blood glucose

Heamglobin - red blood cells - transports oxegen

Amylase- saliva - breaks down starch

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21
Q

Synthesis of proteins in animals

A

Animals cannot synthesis proteins from simple nitrogen compounds but can reaconstruct animal and vegetable protein eaten from food

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22
Q

Hydrolysis of proteins preduces

A

Amino acids

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23
Q

Examples of amino acids

A

Glycine

Alanine

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24
Q

Proteins function is determined by

A

Sequence of amino acids

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25
Amino group + hydroxyl group ——>
Amide link + H2O
26
Polymerisation
Joining of amino acids to form a protein | Proteins have peptide links
27
Essential amino acids
Amino acids which cannot be made by the body
28
Proteins in egg when heat is added
Protein globular in egg whites Hydrogen bonds break protein chain causing it to unfold Becomes denatured
29
Denatured
Substrate no longer binds to active site.
30
volatile
molecules that evaporate easily
31
What allows molecules such as limonene and furaneol to dissolve in water
Carbonyl oxegen and oxegen in the centre of the ring
32
Validity based on molecular mass
Molecular mass under 300 = volitile
33
How are victims lost when boiling a vegetable
Vitamin c is soluable in water
34
Why is packaging better in nitrogen than air
Air contains moisture and oxegen that can spoil the food | Oxygen is an unreactive gas
35
How to know if alcohol has changed
Different smell
36
Oxidation of primary and secondary alchols
Primary alcohol oxidised to produce aldehydes | Secondary alchols oxidised produce kentones
37
Why can tertiary alcohols be oxidised
Doesn’t have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon atom which is adjacent to the hydroxyl group
38
How are aldehydes and kentones formed
Oxidation of alchols
39
Aldehydes and ketones oxidised
Aldehydes - readily oxidised tip form carboxylic acid Ketones do not oxidise Tertiary alchols - not readily oxidised
40
Reduction of carboxylic acids
Aldehydes and kentones | Decreases O:H ratio
41
Difference between aldehydes and kentones
Flavours and aeromas
42
Anioxidents
Prevents oxidation mainly of food | Becomes oxidised
43
What happens to aldehydes when oxidised
From a silver mirror
44
Rancid
Edible oils spoiled because of reaction with oxegen
45
Essential oil
Concentrated extracts of armoma compounds from plants Volatile In soluable in water Terpenes
46
Terpene
Isoprene units joined togther | Can be oxidised to form a new product
47
Alcohol + carboxylic acid
Ester
48
Why is uv light used to break covalent bonds
Has enough energy
49
What can sunburn cause
Cancer | Wrinkles
50
What do sunblocks have in them
Reflect the uv light so it does nt reach skin
51
Free radical reactions
Formed when diatomic covalent bond breaks Unstable electron arrangement Highly reactive Electrically neartral
52
Step 1: initiation
Uv light breaks the diatomic/halogen to from free radicals | Weaker bond forms the free radicals
53
Step 2: propagation
Using and producing more free radicals
54
Step 3: termination
Remove free radicals from the reaction mixture | Forms table molecules
55
Alkane + bromine
Reaction can only occur with UV light so the bromine can decolorisation
56
Why are some solutions kept in brown bottles
They filter the light
57
Free radical scavengers
Stop free radical chain reactions that cause the skin to wrinkle
58
Why does boiling point increase going up hydrocarbon families
Main force of attraction between hydrocarbons Is LDF’s. As the number of carbon atoms increases the bigger the molecule becomes Therefore there are more electrons This means LDF’s between bigger molecules are stronger Requiring more energy to break
59
What type of molecules are hydrocarbon
Non-polar
60
Do hydrocarbon dissolve in water
No because it is non-polar whereas water is polar | This means it cant form hydrogen bonds to water
61
Isomer
Same molecular formula but different structural formula
62
Alkenes
Unsaturated- c-c double bond
63
Bonds in alcohols
Have hydrogen bonds Polar molecule Dissolves in polar liquids eg water
64
Carboxylic acids
Break up completely producing hydrogen ions which are found in acids forming an acidic solution Weak acids Polar molecule Can form hydrogen bonds between other carboxylic acids molecules High mp/bp Solubility decreases as chain increases because stronger forces of attraction
65
Strong acids
Ionise completely when added to water
66
Weak acids
Ionise partially when added to water
67
Structure of soap
``` Ionic head (carboxylate ion) - water soluble Covalent hydrocarbon tail which is soluable in oil and greace - non polar ```
68
Hydrophobic
Water hating
69
Hydrophilic
water loving
70
Agitation
Mixing of water soap and grease
71
Globules
The negatively charges globule repel each other and the oil/grease is kept suspended in water (no longer separate layers)
72
Hard water
Contains dissolved calcium and magnesium ions When mixed with soap: Doesn’t form a lather Precipitate formed - scum
73
Soap less detergents are used
soap like structure but do not form a precipitate
74
Emulsifier
Substance that allows two susdtances which do not mix to mix Example of an emulsion Mayonnaise Mixing of olive oil and ginger with egg yolk

Chemisty (18 decks)

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