Highlighted questions #2 Flashcards
(548 cards)
1
Q
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
A
splenius cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii
2
Q
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
A
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
3
Q
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions?
A
cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses
4
Q
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransvere bar?
A
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
5
Q
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
A
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)
6
Q
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
A
the carotid tubercle
7
Q
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
A
the vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
8
Q
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?
A
the groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
9
Q
What is the classic angulation of a typical cervical articular facets?
A
40 to 45 degrees from the coronal plane
10
Q
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
A
55 to 60 degrees
11
Q
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
A
BUM
12
Q
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
A
FoLD
13
Q
What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
A
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis and rotators
14
Q
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygaphophyses?
A
the semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus
15
Q
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
A
meniscoidal folds
16
Q
What function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygapophyses?
A
they are assumed to distribute pressure across the joint surface
17
Q
The greatest range of flexion - extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
A
typically C5/C6
18
Q
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
A
lateral bending and axial rotation
19
Q
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebral couples?
A
the C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples
20
Q
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
A
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
21
Q
What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
A
they are bifid
22
Q
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
A
they are non-bifid
23
Q
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
A
the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
24
Q
What ligaments will attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
A
the interspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
25
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the lateral groove and vertebral body of the segment above, the uncinated process and vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament
26
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis), the superior articular process (pre-zygaphophysis), the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
27
What will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
28
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
29
What is the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?
the lateral groove of C3 and uncinated process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka
30
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
31
What features are lacking at C1?
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc
32
What is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?
the anterior arch
33
What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior tubercle
34
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
longus colli
35
What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
36
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
the fovea dentis
37
What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
38
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
39
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
BUM
40
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
41
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
42
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
BMD
43
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) joint
44
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
45
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
46
What part of C1 represents the spinous process?
posterior tubercle of the posterior arch
47
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about fifty millimeters; females: about thirty-seven millimeters
48
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
49
What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?
groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim
50
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
51
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
accessory bone
52
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed
about age 7 years old
53
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
54
What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?
Kimmerle's anomaly
55
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
56
ponticulus posticus has observed in what ethnic populations?
all ethnic populations studied thus far
57
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1%-41%
58
What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
female
59
What is the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus versus an incomplete ponticulus posticus?
the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus is about fifteen percent; the incidence of an incomplete ponticulus posticus may be as high as forty-one percent
60
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
61
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus captitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
62
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
63
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
64
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the treansverse process of atlas
65
What forms of the lateral brideges are observed in the population?
incomplete lateral bridges and complete lateral bridges
66
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
the retrotransverse foramen
67
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
68
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous?
ponticulus posticus
69
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
70
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
71
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 millimeters and females: 72 millimeters
72
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
73
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
five
74
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
75
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
the dens or odontoid process
76
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
five
77
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
78
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed posterior?
lordotic dens
79
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
80
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
81
What ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
membrane tectoria
82
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrane tectoria
83
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
84
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction
85
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
86
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
87
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
BUL
88
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
FoLD
89
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervicis
90
What will be observed in the transverse foramen at C2?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
91
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: 57 mm females: 50 mm
92
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis and intertransversarii
93
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
bifid
94
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles
95
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2?
ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligaments
96
What names may be given to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
97
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
98
What name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
99
In what percent of men and of women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?
men: 86% women: 79%
100
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
101
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
8
102
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint
103
What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle
104
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
105
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
106
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
BUM
107
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
ForMeD
108
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis
109
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
110
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments
111
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
112
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
113
What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
114
Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of roation
115
Typically, at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen?
C6
116
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
117
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital interspace
118
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
119
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
120
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
121
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior
122
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
123
Which erector spinae muscles attach to the cervical spine?
iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis
124
Which trasversospinalis muscles attach to the cervical spine?
semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotators
125
What joint classifications are present at C1?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial) and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
126
What joint classifications are present at C2?
synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
127
What joint classifications are present at each typical cervical?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
128
What joint classifications are present at C7?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
129
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
130
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
131
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superor articular process of C2, capsular ligament
132
What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament
133
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinated process, lateral groove
134
What forms the anterior boundary for the C8 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies of C7 and T1, intervertebral did, posterior longitudinal ligament, capsular ligament of the costocentral joint, superior costal facet of T1 and articular surface of the first rib
135
What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is BMD, C2-6 is FoLD, C7 is ForMeD
136
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
1 : five, 2: 8, 3-6: 8, 7: 6
137
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
1 : none, 2: 10, 3-6: 10, 7: 8
138
What features will allow discrimination between T2-4 and T5-8 segmental groups?
the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process
139
What is the name given to the left side appearance of the vertebral body of T5-8?
the aortic impression
140
What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-8
the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims
141
What is the height pattern of the typical thoracic vertebral body?
the posterior height is greater than the anterior height by one to two mm
142
What is the principal cause of the posterior curve of the thoracic spine?
the vertebral body height differences
143
In terms of the anterior-posterior curves of the vertebral column, what direction will the thoracic spine face?
posterior
144
What is another way of naming a posterior curve pattern?
kyphotic curve
145
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
146
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
two
147
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
typically ten (14 if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
148
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?
four
149
Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?
the superior costal demi-facet
150
What feature will provide assistance in maintaining the stability of the intervertebral foramen in the typical thoracics?
the costocentral joint or ribs
151
What is the size relationship between the articulating surface of the head of the rib and the costal demi-facet surface?
the rib surface is greater than the costal demi-facet surface
152
which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T2-3
the longus colli
153
Which X-ray view is used to see into the intervertebral foramen of a typical thoracic?
lateral view
154
Which vertebral notch or incisure is said to be prominent?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
155
What is overlap of the lamina called in the typical thoracic region?
shingling
156
In which polane will the size of the vertebral foramen of a typical thoracic be greatest?
the transverse plane, the vertebral transverse diameter
157
What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?
from T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior
158
What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?
the transverse costal facet
159
What is the classification of the costotransverse joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
160
What are the osseous parts of the costotransverse joint?
the transverse costal facet and the articular surface of the tubercle of a rib
161
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of a typical thoracic?
the superior costotransverse, inferior costotransverse, and lateral costotransverse ligaments
162
Which muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical thoracic?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis thoracis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
163
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-4 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
164
How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T5-8 region?
the superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment
165
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
BUL
166
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of a typical thoracic?
ForMeD
167
How many synovial joints are present at a typical thoracic?
ten
168
Identify the synovial joint surfaces present on a typical thoracic.
two superior costal demi-facets, two inferior costal demi-facets, two transverse costal facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets
169
What is the name given to the overlap of spinous processes in the thoracic region?
imbrication
170
Imbrication will be more pronounced for what region of the thoracics?
T5-8
171
Which thoracic has the longest spinous process?
T8
172
What is the angulation of the spinous process of T2-4
the undersurface of T2-4 spinous processes will angle up to 40 degrees from the horizontal plane
173
What is the angulation of the spinous process ot T5-8
the undersurface of T5-8 spinous processes will angle up to 60 degrees from the horizontal plane
174
What joint classification is associated with typical thoracic spinous process ligaments?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
175
Which muscles may attach to the spinous process of a typical thoracic?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, rhomboid major, serratus posterior superior, splenius cervicis , splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
176
What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
it is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin
177
What may the elevations on the vertebral body of T1 represent?
uncinated processes
178
What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?
typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervicals
179
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
four normally
180
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T1?
two
181
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the rib articulation is included)
182
How many joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1/
typically ten (fourteen if the rib ligaments are included)
183
How many costocentral joints are formed at the vertebral body of T1?
four
184
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the T1 vertebral body?
the right and left superior costal facet
| the right and left inferior costal demi-facet
185
What is the rib - vertebral body combination at the intervertebral foramen for the eighth cervical nerve?
the superior costal facet of T1 will joint with the articular surface of the head of the first rib
186
What ligament supports the costocentral joint of the first rib?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament
187
What ligaments support the costocentral joint of the second rib?
the costocentral stellate/radiate ligament and the costocentral interarticular or intra-articular ligament
188
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T1?
the longus colli
189
What ligaments support the costotransverse joint of T1?
the inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
190
What ligament is absent at the costotransverse joint of T1?
the superior costotransverse ligament
191
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament of T1 support?
the second rib costotransverse joint
192
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T1?
longissimus thoracis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversearii, levator costarum brevis
193
Which specific transversospinalis muscle is absent from T1?
semispinalis thoracis
194
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of T1?
BUL
195
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of T1?
ForMeD
196
What is the classification of the articular facet joint?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodial)
197
How many synovial joints are present at T1?
ten
198
Which vertebrae have been identified as forming the vertebral prominence?
C6,C7,T1
199
What is the gender bias associated with T1 as the vertebral prominence?
males (9%) are more likely than females (6%) to demonstrate T1 as the vertebral prominence
200
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T1?
the trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis thoracis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, interspinalis
201
Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?
inferior costal demi-facets
202
Which muscles attach to the transverse process of T9?
the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
203
Which is the last thoracic vertebra to have an inferior costal demi-facet?
T9
204
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T9?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
205
Which muscles are conspicuously absent at the T9 spinous process?
spinalis and semispinalis
206
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
two
207
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T10?
two
208
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T10?
typically four are identified (as many as eight if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
209
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T10?
typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
210
Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?
inferior costal demi-facets
211
Para-articular processes are more commonly observed on which segment of the spine?
T10
212
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T10?
longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis, intertransversarii, levator costarum longus and levator costarum brevis
213
What is the orientation of the spinous process of T10?
posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal
214
A dimpling or depression of the skin in the thoracic region is often characteristic of the location of which segment?
T10
215
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T10?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
216
What name is given to T11?
the anticlinal vertebra
217
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T11?
two
218
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T11?
two
219
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T11?
typically eight (twelve if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included
220
What part of the transverse process is absent present on T11?
the transverse costal facet
221
Which vertebra is the last segment to demonstrate a transverse costal facet?
T10
222
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of T11?
the superior costotransverse, and slightly developed inferior costotransverse and lateral costotransverse ligaments
223
Which costotransverse joint will the superior costotransverse ligament at the transverse process of T11 support?
the twelfth rib costotransverse joint
224
What muscles attach to the transverse process of T11?
longissimus thoracis
semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus and rotator brevis
intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
225
Which levator costarum muscle is absent at T11?
levator costarum longus
226
Which segment is the last to demonstrate an attachment for the levator costarum longus?
T10
227
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T11?
BUL
228
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T11?
ForMeD
229
How many synovial joints are typically present at T11?
six
230
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T11?
trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis, and interspinalis
231
At which segments of the thoracic spine will the spinalis muscle not attach?
T9,T10
232
Which erector spinae muscle uniquely attaches to the spinous process of T11?
iliocostalis lumborum
233
How many synovial joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
two
234
How many symphysis joints are formed with the vertebral body of T12?
two
235
How many syndesmosis joints are formed at the vertebral body of T12?
four are typically identified (as many as six if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
236
How many joints are typically formed at the vertebral body of T12?
typically eight (ten if the costocentral stellate/radiate ligaments are included)
237
Which muscle(s) is attached to the vertebral body of T12?
psoas major and psoas minor
238
What is present at the transverse process region of T12?
three tubercles of variable size
239
Which tubercle on T12 represents the transverse process?
the lateral tubercle
240
Which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbars?
the superior tubercle
241
Which tubercle on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbars?
the inferior tubercle
242
What ligaments form the costotransverse joint of the twelfth rib?
the superior costotransverse ligament from T11 and the lumbocostal ligament from L1
243
Which costotransverse ligament(s) are attached at T12?
none; the capsular, superior, inferior and lateral costotransverse ligaments lack an attachment to T12
244
What muscles attach to the transverse process region of T12?
the longissimus thoracis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and intertransversarii
245
Which segment is the last to demonstrate a levator costarum brevis attachment?
T11
246
Which segment is the alst to demonstrate a levator costarum longus attachment?
T10
247
What is the orientation of the superior articular facets of T12?
BUL
248
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of T12?
FoLD
249
What is the curvature of the inferior articular facets of T12?
they are significantly convex
250
How many synovial joints are typically present on T12?
six
251
Identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present on T12?
two superior costal facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets
252
What muscles attach to the spinous process of T12?
the trapezius, latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumborum, spinalis thoracis, mulfifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
253
Which erector spinae muscle is unique in its attachment to the T12 spinous process?
iliocostalis lumborum
254
Which muscles attaching to the spinous process of T12 are not included in any muscle layer of the true back?
interspinalis
255
Which muscle(s) attach to the vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae?
longus colli, psoas major and minor
256
Which thoracic is first to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum brevis?
T1
257
Which thoracic is last to demonstrate the attachment of the levator costarum brevis?
T11
258
What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?
reniform or kidney-shaped
259
What accounts for the direction of the lumbar curve?
the vertebral body and intervertebral disc have a greater anterior height than posterior height
260
What is the effect of aging on the vertebral body of a lumbar vertebra?
decrease in height, increase in circumference
261
How many synovial joint surfaces are present at the typical lumbar vertebral body
none
262
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
6
263
How many synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
none
264
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
two
265
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are on a typical lumbar vertebral body?
four
266
What joint classifications will be observed at the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
267
What muscles may attach to a typical lumbar vertebral body?
psoas major and psoas minor
268
Psoas minor will only attach to the vertebral body of which segments?
T12,L1
269
What is the name given to ligaments that attach to the vertebral body to articular process?
transforaminal ligaments
270
What are the attachment sites of the superior transforaminal ligament at the L1 -L2 intervertebral foramen?
L1 vertebral body and the inferior articular process of L1
271
What are the attachment sites of the middle transforaminal ligament at the L1-L2 intervertebral foramen?
intervertebral disc and the inferior articular process of L1
272
What are the attachment sites of the inferior transforaminal ligament at the L1 - L2 intervertebral foramen?
L2 vertebral body and the superior articular process of L2
273
What ligaments attach the vertebral body to the transverse process?
corporotransverse ligaments
274
What corporotransverse ligaments are identified?
superior corporotransverse and inferior corporotransverse ligaments
275
What are the attachment sites of the superior corporotransverse ligaments at the L1 - L2 intervertebral foramen?
L1 vertebral body and L1 - L2 intervertebral disc to the transverse process of L2
276
What are the attachment sites of the inferior corporotransverse ligaments at the L1-L2 intervertebral foramen?
L2 vertebral body and L2 - L3 intervertebral disc to the transverse process of L2
277
What are the types of Hofmann ligaments?
Anterior, posterior, lateral and proximal root sleeve ligaments
278
Hofmann ligaments are identified in which regions along the vertebral column?
cervical - upper thoracic region and lumbar region
279
Cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to segments above
280
What is the highest level known to demonstrate Hofmann ligaments?
C6
281
What is the proposed function of the cervical - upper thoracic Hofmann ligaments?
resist caudal movement of the dural sac; resist gravitational forces on the dura and cord
282
Lumbar Hofmann ligaments will attach what structures together?
dura mater to lower segmental levels
283
What is the proposed function of the lumbar Hofmann ligaments?
resist cranial movement of the dural sac during flexion
284
What is the proposed function of the proximal root sleeve ligament?
resist displacement of the peripheral nerve system in the intervertebral foramen
285
What osseous conditions of lumbar vertebrae facilitate a spinal tap in this region?
overlap of the laminae, shingling, diminishes; overlap of spinous processes, imbrication, diminishes
286
What part of the central nerve system is present in the lumbar spine?
the conus medullaris is typically present in the vertebral foramen of L1
287
What part of the peripheral nerve system is present in the lumbar spine?
the cauda equine is typically present in the vertebral foramina of L2-L4
288
Beginning with the L1 transverse process, what is the generic direction and relative length of each succeeding lumbar transverse process/
each transverse process is directed straight lateral and increases in length from L1-L3; L4 then begins to decrease in length
289
What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?
accessory process
290
Congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process results in what feature?
styloid process
291
A styloid process occurs with what frequency and as a result of what condition?
7% occurrence as a result of congenital elongation of the lumbar accessory process
292
What bony part of a cervical transverse process is lacking at the lumbar transverse process?
the costotransverse bar
293
What ligament(s) will attach to the lumbar accessory process?
mammillo-accessory ligament
294
What parts of a vertebra are attached via the mammillo-accessory ligament
the mammillary process and accessory process of the same segment
295
What was believed to be entrapped by the mammillo-accessory ligament?
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a lumbar spinal nerve
296
What muscle(s) attach to the lumbar accessory process?
longissimus thoracis and intertransversarii
297
What ligament attaches the twelfth rib to the transverse process of L1?
the lumbocostal ligament
298
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus and intertransversarii
299
What ligaments attach to the transverse process of a typical lumbar vertebra?
the lumbocostal, mammillo-accessory and intertransverse ligaments
300
What are the posterior elements of the vertebra?
zygapophysis, lamina and spinous process
301
What are the anterior elements of the vertebra?
vertebral body and pedicle
302
What is characteristic of the L1-L4 articular processes?
the transverse diameter (distance between) superior articular processes of an L1-L4 segment will be greater than the transverse diameter (distance between) the inferior articular processes of that same segment
303
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar superior articular fact?
BUM; Concave
304
What is the orientation of the typical lumbar inferior articular facet
FoLD; Convex
305
What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?
mammillary process
306
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in children?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane
307
What is the position of the lumbar zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane for L1/L2, L2/L3 and L3/L4; the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L4/L5 and L5/S1
308
What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane?
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
309
What is the name(s) of the condition in which the typical lumbar spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup's syndrome or "kissing spines"
310
What is Baastrup's syndrome?
elongation of the lumbar spinous process as a result of aging
311
What muscles will attach to the typical lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, serratus posterior inferior, iliocostalis lumboroum, longissimus thoracis, spinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
312
What is the appearance of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the lateral view?
anterior height is greater than posterior height by several millimeters; it appears to form a wedge on a lateral X-ray view
313
How many synovial joint surfaces are present at the fifth lumbar vertebral body?
none
314
How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the L5 vertebral body?
four
315
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the fifth lumbar?
six
316
What characteristic of the L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group.
On cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment. At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region
317
How does the size of the vertebral foramen differ along the spine?
cervicals have the greatest size, lumbars next, thoracics are smallest
318
What is the generic direction and length of the fifth lumbar transverse process?
it is directed straight lateral and is the shortest of all lumbar transverse processes
319
What accounts for the shortness of the L5 transverse process?
the hip-innominate bones diminish the available space in the transverse plane
320
What muscle(s) attach to the fifth lumbar accessory process?
longissimus thoracis
321
What muscles may attach to the transverse process of the fifth thoracic vertebra?
psoas major, quadratus lumborum, longissimus thoracis, rotator brevis, rotator longus and intertransversarii
322
What ligaments traditionally attach to the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra?
lumbosacral, iliolumbar and mammillo-accessory ligaments
323
What is the reported angulation and X-ray appearance of the fifth lumbar articular facets?
they lie in the vertical plane and are coronal facets
324
What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar superior articular facet?
BUM; typically concave
325
What is the orientation of the fifth lumbar inferior articular facet?
FoLD; significant convexity
326
What muscle(s) will attach to the mammillary process?
multifidis and intertransversarii
327
What names are given to the condition in which one zygapophysis of a vertebral couple lies in the coronal plane and the other zygapophysis lies in the sagittal plane?
joint asymmetry or joint tropism
328
What is the name(s) of the condition in which the L5 spinous process increases in length due to the aging process?
Baastrup's syndrome or "kissing spines"
329
What is Knife Clasp Syndrome?
The congenital condition in which the L5 spinous process is elongated, the sacrum exhibits spina bifida and dorsiflexion produces pain
330
What muscles will attach to the fifth lumbar spinous process?
latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis, multifidis, rotator longus, rotator brevis and interspinalis
331
How many synovial joints are maximally observed at each lumbar vertebra?
L1-L5 = four each
332
How many joints are traditionally observed at each lumbar vertebral body?
L1-L5 = six each
333
What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?
psoas major
334
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?
fivef
335
What is the origin of the sacral ala?
On base view, the S1 transverse process and costal element appear to originate from the vertebral body and possibly the pedicle to form the sacral ala.
336
What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?
the anterior two-thirds
337
What forms the median sacral crest?
fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
338
What muscles may attach to the median sacral crest?
latissimus dorsi, iliocostalis lumborum, longissimus thoracis
339
What forms the intermediate sacral crest?
fused articular processes and their facets
340
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5
341
What does the sacral cornu represent?
the inferior articular process and facet of S5
342
What forms the lateral sacral crest?
the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5
343
What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest:
S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3-S5
344
What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?
the accessory sacro-iliac joint
345
What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of s5?
the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle
346
What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?
multifidis, iliocostalis lumborum
347
What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum?
iliacus
348
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1 - S3?
auricular surface
349
What is the sacral promontory?
the bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1
350
What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
sacral cornu, coccygeal cornu, superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament
351
What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
vertebral body S5, vertebral body Co1, deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc
352
What is the homolog for the posterior longitudinal ligament at S5?
deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
353
What is the homolog for the anterior longitudinal ligament at S5?
anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
354
What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?
superficial posteror sacrococcygeal ligament
355
What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?
the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments
356
What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?
the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
357
What ligament is a homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?
lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
358
What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramnina?
sacrospinous ligament
359
Which ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?
sacrotuberous ligament
360
Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacro-iliac joint?
anterior sacro-iliac ligament
361
Which ligament is the strongest of the sacro-iliac ligaments and is penetrated by dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?
interosseous sacro-iliac ligament
362
Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1, lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?
short posterior sacro-iliac ligament
363
Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?
long posterior sacro-iliac ligament
364
What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet of Co1?
coccygeal cornu
365
What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?
intercornual ligament
366
What is the number of coccygeal somites?
ten
367
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?
4 segments
368
When is ossification of coccyx completed?
about age 30
369
What bony features are present on the coccyx?
all segments are represented by a "vertebral body; Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process"
370
What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?
coccygeal cornu
371
What is the direction of fusion of coccygeal segments?
from caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2
372
What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?
flexion - extension, 5-20 degrees
373
How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?
typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present
374
How many coccygeal nerves are present in the adult?
typically only one pair of coccygeal nerves remain in the adult
375
What forms the coccygeal nerve plexus?
S4, S5 and Co1 nerves
376
What is the ganglion impar?
a midline sympathetic ganglion
377
What is the location of the ganglion impar?
anywhere from the sacrococcygeal joint to the upper third of coccyx
378
What is the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?
an enlarged encapsulated arteriovenous anastomosis located near the last segment of coccyx
379
What innervates the coccygeal glomus or coccygeal body?
both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are identified
380
What muscles attach to the coccyx?
ishiococcygeus and levator ani
381
What ligaments form the posterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament
382
What ligaments form the anterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc
383
What is the superior articular facet orientation of C1?
BUM concave
384
What is the inferior articular facet orientation of C1?
BMD
385
What is the superior/inferior articular facet orientation of C2?
BUL/FoLD
386
What is the superior/inferior articular facet orientation of C3-6?
BUM/FoLD
387
What is the superior.inferior articular facet orientation of C7?
BUM/ForMeD
388
What is the superior/inferior articular facet orientation of T1-11?
BUL/ForMeD
389
What is the superior/inferior articular facet orientation of T12?
BUL/FoLD convex
390
What is the superior/inferior articular facet orientation of L1-L5?
BUM concave/FoLD convex
391
What is the superior articular facet orientation of S1?
BUM concave
392
What is the definition of spondylosis?
a vertebral condition
393
What is the definition of spondylolysis?
a vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage
394
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis
a vertebral slippage
395
What is the current limited definition of spondylosis?
a vertebral condition that is acquired or age-related
396
What are some of the causes of spondylolysis?
congenital, acquired during development, the result of aging, or the result of trauma
397
What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal?
a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect)
398
What specific parts of a vertebra are separated as a result of a pars defect?
the vertebral body, pedicle, and articular process (the intervertebral disc is also indicated when looking at a vertebral couple)
399
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?
a range of 2.6% to 10%
400
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the native Alaskan population?
52.6%
401
What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?
the native Alaskan (Inuit) population
402
What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
403
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?
fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under five years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species
404
Lumbar spondylolysis only been reported in what types of species?
those species that walk erect; humans
405
Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics?
familial association, spina bifida occulta, racial/ethnic disparities, gender and locational bias, youthful incidence and activities requiring repetitive stress on the spine
406
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
men at L5/S1; women at L4/L5
407
What is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
10-20 years old
408
What activities are particularly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?
gymnastics, dance, soccer
409
What motion(s) is particularly associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
hyperextension coupled with rotation
410
What fills the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
fibrocartilagenous material
411
What name has been given to the material filling the space in a lumbar spondylolysis?
spondylolysis ligament
412
What types fo neural function(s) have been associated with the psondylolysis ligament?
nociception, neuromodulation and autonomoic function
413
What is the appearance of the lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a Scotty dog
414
What is the appearance of a pars defect in a lumbar veretbra upon oblique x-ray view
a collared Scotty dog
415
What is the appearance of a spondylolysis in a lumbar vertebra upon oblique x-ray view?
a collared Scotty dog
416
In an oblique X-ray, spondylolysis below the superior articular process of a lumbar pars interarticularis is associated with what part of the Scotty dog?
the neck of the Scotty dog
417
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the eye of a Scotty dog?
the pedicle
418
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the ear of a Scotty dog?
the superior articular process
419
What part of a lumbar vertebra forms the nose of a Scotty dog?
the transverse process
420
What is the incidence of a sacral spondylolysis in the general population?
it's rare
421
What ethnic group is associated with a high incidence of a sacral spondylolysis?
the native Alaskan (Inuit) population
422
Is sacral spondylolysis the result of a congenital conditions, acquired conditions or an age-related conditions?
it seem to be acquired
423
What activities are associated with sacral spondylolysis?
kayaking and harpooning
424
What is the ethnic, gender, and locational bias associated with sacral spondylolysis?
the native Alaskan (Inuit) male at the S1 level
425
What is the direction of spondylolisthesis?
anterior or forward displacement
426
What is the posterior direction of a vertebral slippage called?
retrospondylolisthesis or retrolisthesis
427
Identify all names given to type I spondylolisthesis?
dysplastic spondylolisthesis, congenital spondylolisthesis
428
What is the locational bias of type I spondylolisthesis?
L5 or upper sacral segments
429
What is the location of the defect associated with type I spondylolisthesis?
more frequently the vertebral arch
430
What additional conditions are linked to type I spondylolisthesis?
spina bifida occulta and nerve root compression of the S1 nerve
431
Identify all names given to type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmic spondylolisthesis
432
Which subtype of type II spondylolisthesis is stressed in spinal?
lytic spondylolisthesis or stress fracture induced spondylolisthesis
433
What is the cause most frequently given for type II spondylolisthesis
micofractures as a result of repetitive stress during hyperflexion and rotation
434
What is the age group typically associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
teenagers or young adults
435
Will spondylolysis always result in type II spondylolisthesis?
no, particularly in cases of unilateral spondylolysis
436
What spinal canal dimensions are associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmic spondylolisthesis demonstrates an increase in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
437
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with type II spondylolisthesis?
isthmic spondylolisthesis is common in men at the L5/S1 level
438
What conditions are often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis is often associated with osteoarthritis, intervertebral disc degeneration, ligament laxity and articular facet remodeling
439
What is the gender bias, locational bias, and spinal canal dimension changes often associated with type III spondylolisthesis?
degenerative spondylolisthesis is more common in women, particularly at L4/L5, and demonstrates no change in sagittal diameter of the spinal canal
440
Identify all names given to type IV spondylolisthesis?
traumatic spondylolisthesis
441
What causes type IV spondylolisthesis?
fracture of the neural arch components
442
Is there a gender, locational, or age bias associated with type IV spondylolisthesis?
no
443
Identify all names given to type V spondylolisthesis?
pathologic spondyloisthesis
444
What are the cause(s) associated with type V spondylolisthesis?
bone diseases such as Paget disease or osteogenesis imperfecta
445
What are the characteristics of the Artery of Adamkiewicz?
it is a left side, anterior medullary feeder artery, located in the T9/T10 intervertebral foramen, and the primary vascular supply to the lumbar enlargement
446
What is the most likely region of the thoracic spine for herniation?
below T8
447
What will the intervertebral veins drain into?
the external vertebral venous plexus or Batson's plexus
448
What is a unique histological feature of the veins of the vertebral column?
they appear to lack valves
449
What size lymphatic vessels lie in the intervertebral foramen?
medium sized lymphatics
450
What type(s) of connective tissue will be present in the intervertebral foramen?
adipose tissue and loose areolar connective tissue
451
What is the relationship of cervical intervertebral foramen height to nerve root size?
the height increases but the nerve root size stays about the same from cranial to caudal
452
What parts of the cervical vertebra will modify the intervertebral foramen?
the lateral groove and uncinated process
453
What is the relationship between aging and cervical spine nerve root characteristics?
the length of the nerve root increases as it descends from its apparent origin on the spinal cord, but the cross-sectional area of the nerve root decreases
454
What are the specific attachment sites for a cervical spinal nerve?
the sulcus for the ventral primary ramus on the costotransverse bar and the vertebral artery
455
What contributes to the anterior boundary of the thoracic intervertebral foramen?
the costocentral joint
456
What is the amount of contribution of the intervertebral disc to the height of the lumbar intervertebral foramen?
about half
457
Which are the largest spinal nerves?
L5 and S1 spinal nerves
458
What increases the length of the intervertebral foramen at L5?
the lumbosacral tunnel
459
What forms the lumbosacral tunnel?
the lumbosacral ligament, transverse process of L5 and sacral ala
460
What condition is the result of encroachment on the L5 spinal nerve?
the far out syndrome
461
What is the relationship between intervertebral disc herniation and lumbar spinal nerves?
the intervertebral disc above the intervertebral foramen is usually the source of damage
462
What is unusual about the sacral intervertebral foramen compared to other intervertebral foramina?
a completely osseous boundary exists
463
What is the relationship of lumbar nerve root size to intervertebral foramen size above L4?
the nerve root size will account for less than 22% of the available size
464
What is unique about the relationship of spinal nerve to intervertebral foramen at S5-Co1?
there are two nerves present, S5 nerve and Co1 nerve
465
What are some examples of destructive lesions of the vertebral body?
tuberculosis, hemanglomas, osteoporosis
466
What may reduce the impact of intervertebral disc loss of integrity on the intervertebral foramen in the cervical and thoracic spine?
the joint of Luschka in the cervicals, the costocentral joint in the thoracics
467
What are examples of osteophyte formation that influence the intervertebral foramen?
the nomy spurs of the vertebral body and para-articular processes on the lamina
468
What are examples of acquired alterations of the spinal curves identified in class?
obesity, pregnancy and the use of heavy backpacks
469
What is the recommended weight of a backpack compared to individual weight for the developing spine?
backpack weight should not exceed 10% individual body weight
470
What are the curvatures of the vertebral column?
anterior, posterior, and lateral
471
What is the direction of the primary curve of the vertebral column?
posterior
472
Why is the posterior curve also called the primary curve?
it is the first curve to appear embryologically
473
What are the sdult remnants of the primary curve along the vertebral column?
the thoracic or dorsal curve and the pelvic or sacrococcygeal curve
474
What are the names given to curves that form during development to reverse the direction of regions along the vertebral column?
anterior curve, secondary curve, compensatory curve
475
What are the names of the anterior curves, secondary curves, and compensatory curves?
cervical curve and lumbar curve
476
What segmental levels form the cervical curve?
C2-T1
477
What segmental levels form the lumbar curve?
T12 to L5
478
What is the earliest time of appearance of the cervical curve?
the third fetal month
479
What is the traditional time of appearance of the cervical curve said to be?
during the last trimester in utero
480
What is the time during which the "adult" cervical curve is said to appear?
within the first year after birth
481
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult cervical curve?
1. centers for vision and equilibrium will appear in the brain
2. musculature attaching the skull, cervical region, and upper thorax together develops
3. the head is held upright
4. the intervertebral disc height becomes greater anterior than posterior
482
At what age will the infant begin to hold the head erect?
usually between the third and fourth month after birth
483
What is the name given to the integration of visual and motor pathways associated with holding the head erect?
the righting reflex
484
What is the location for the apex of the cervical curve?
typically between C4 and C5
485
What is the location for the cervical kyphosis?
between occiput and C1
486
What is the name given to the primary cervical curve?
cervical kyphosis
487
What is the vertebral relationship between the cervical curve and the cervical enlargement?
cervical curve C2-T1; cervical enlargement C3-T1
488
What is the time of appearance of the lumbar curve?
between 12 and 18 months after birth
489
What infant activities are associated with the developmental of the lumbar curve?
crawling and walking
490
What developmental events are indicated in the formation of the adult lumbar curve?
1. crawling will cause the abdomen to put tension on the lumbar region and pulls it forward
2. muscle development is promoted to compensate for the swayback of the lumbars
3. intervertebral disc height will become greater anterior compared to posterior
4. walking will further promote muscle and intervertebral disc development
491
What happens within the intervertebral disc to facilitate the lumbar curve development?
the nucleus pulposus of L4 will shift its position within the annulus fibrosis
492
Which sense is a requirement for holding the head erect, standing, sitting, and walking?
vision
493
What is the gender bias associated with lumbar curve convexity?
females have a greater convexity of the lumbar curve
494
What is the vertebral relationship between the lumbar curve and the lumbar enlargement?
lumbar curve T12-L5; lumbar enlargement T9-T12
495
What is the formation of the lateral curve often correlated with?
faster development of the muscles on the side of handedness
496
What is the time of appearance of the lateral curves?
they appear after 6 years old
497
What locations of lateral curves are recognized?
cervical, thoracic or dorsal, and lumbar
498
Which lateral curves are best developed?
thoracic or dorsal, and lumbar
499
qWhat is the relationship between curve direction and handedness?
a right-handed person has a high probability for a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination
500
What is the incidence of a right thoracic, left lumbar curve combination in the population?
about 80% of the population demonstrates this
501
What does the suffix -osis mean
a condition
502
Does -osis infer a normal or an abnormal condition
neither, it is non-judgmental
503
What generic names identified abnormal curves of the vertebral column?
lordosis, kyphosis, scoliosis
504
What is the definition of lordosis?
a forward bending condition
505
What is the definition of kyphosis?
a humpback or hunchback condition
506
What is the definition of scoliosis?
a warped or crooked condition
507
What is the direction of the curve deviation in scoliosis?
to the side (it is a lateral curve deviation)
508
Is there a locational bias for the classic definition of lordosis?
no, there would be an increase in the anterior direction in the cervical spine, a decrease in the posterior direction in the thoracic spine, an increase in the anterior direction in the lumbar spine and a decrease in the posterior direction in the pelvic or sacrococcygeal region
509
Is there a locational bias for the classic definition of kyphosis?
no, there would be a decrease in the anterior direction in the cervical spine, an increase in the posterior direction in the thoracic spine, a decrease in the anterior direction in the lumbar spine and an increase in the posterior direction in the pelvic or sacrococcygeal region
510
What clinical abnormal curvatures of the vertebral column were stressed in class?
military neck, humpback or hunchback, and swayback
511
What is military neck?
a decreased anterior curve in the cervical region, a straight neck
512
What is humpback or hunchback?
an increased posterior curve in the thoracic region
513
What is swayback?
an increased anterior curve in the lumbar region
514
What is classic classification of military neck?
a kyphosis
515
What is a classic classification of humpback or hunch back?
a kyphosis
516
What is a classic classification of swayback?
lordosis
517
What does the use of the term lordotic try to imply?
a normal cervical and normal lumbar anterior curve
518
What does the use of the term kyphotic try to imply?
a normal thoracic or dorsal and normal pelvic or sacrococcygeal posterior curve
519
What prefixes are used to convey abnormality in curve patterns?
hyper or hypo
520
What does the term hyperlordotic infer?
an increase in the anterior curve of the cervical or lumbar region
521
What does the term hypolordotic infer?
a decrease in the anterior curve of the cervical or lumbar region
522
What does the term hyperkyphotic infer?
an increase in the posterior curve of the thoracic/dorsal or pelvic/sacrococcygeal region
523
What does the term hypokyphotic infer?
a decrease in the posterior curve of the thoracic/dorsal or pelvic/sacrococcygeal region
524
What are the curve classifications for military neck?
a kyphosis or hypolordotic curve
525
What are the curve classifications for humpback or humchback?
a kyphosis or hyperkyphotic curve
526
What are the curve classifications for swayback?
a lordosis or hyperlordotic curve
527
What is the more complete, accepted definition of scoliosis?
an abnormal lateral curve coupled with axial rotation
528
What is the radiological test for skeletal maturity?
the Risser sign, an indication of bone maturity in the iliac apophysis
529
What are the classifications of scoliosis according to the Scoliosis Research Society?
magnitude, location, direction, etiology, structural scoliosis and non-structural scoliosis
530
What does magnitude of scoliosis refer to?
the length and angle of the curve deviation on x-ray
531
What is often used to measure the magnitude of scoliosis?
the Cobb Method
532
What does location of scoliosis infer?
the location of the vertebral segment forming the apex of the curve deviation
533
What does direction of scoliosis refer to?
the side the convexity of the curve will bend toward
534
What does etiology of scoliosis mean?
the cause of the scoliosis
535
What is structural scoliosis?
a more radical form of scoliosis, it may worsen, associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc, frequently has a fixed angle of trunk rotation
536
What is nonstructural scoliosis?
a mild form of scoliosis, unlikely to worsen, not associated with structural deformities of the vertebra or intervertebral disc and lacks a fixed angle of trunk rotation
537
What is the classification of scoliosis that is unique to the individual patient?
idiopathic scoliosis
538
What does idiopathic scoliosis infer?
the scoliosis is unique to the individual, it has no known cause, unkown etiology
539
What is the incidence of idiopathic scoliosis in the population?
1%-4% of the population
540
Based on age of onset, what are the types of idiopathic scoliosis?
infantile, juvenile, and adolescent
541
What is the age range for infantile idiopathic scoliosis?
from birth to 3
542
What is the age range for juvenile idiopathic scoliosis?
from 3 to 10
543
What is the age range for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
over 10
544
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of infantile idiopathic scoliosis
left thoracic, male, less than 1%
545
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of juvenile idiopathic scoliosis
right thoracic, females over 6 and 125 to 21% incidence
546
Identify curve direction, location, gender bias and incidence of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
right thoracic or right thoracic and left lumbar, females, and 80% incidence
547
What is the genetic factor associated with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis?
an autosomal dominant factor that runs in families
548
What is the relationship between curve deviation, incidence, and curve worsening?
the greater the deviation, the lower the incidence, and the more likely to worsen
