hinduism Flashcards
(4 cards)
bhakti (13)
(1) general
- Bgv, 2ndC, Vishnu/devotional
(2) chaitanya mahaprabhu
- 14-1500, bhakti saint
(3) yogic paths, bhava, bhakti forms
- paths: jnana (G info), raja (medi), karma (virtuous), bhakti (krishna)
(4) strengths/weaknesses of bhakti
- S: accessible, incentive, virtue
- W: cheat moksha, jnana/samkhya/karma yoga superior
(5) vaishnava bhakti + sects
- monotheistic, dualist, vishnu as Bhagavan, atat tvam asi/you are not that
(6) shaiva bhakti + sects
- shiva in all, lingam, vedas, nataraja temple
(7) shakti bhakti + sects
- feminine cosmic, kali/durga/parvati, sakamya bhakti/anteyesti customs
(8) yatra/pilgrimage
- fasting, prostrating for papa, darshan
- ganges, kumbha mela, himalayas
(9) samkhya yoga
- darshana/’seeing’, dualist, ego/mind to see samadhi>liberate from prakriti
(10) advaita vedanta + shankara
- oldest, jnana marga/yoga, adi shankara (8thC)
- nirguna/without qualities, G all-present
(11) bioethics (adoption, IVF, surrogacy)
- hindu culture values (customs, rituals, ‘non-man’), IVF/surrogacy/adoption
(12) infertility in hindu scripture
- potions, shiva+vishnu as mohini, mahabharata (king pandu), laws of manu
(13) bioethics strengths/weaknesses
- S: support hindu customs/values, financial gain
- W: expensive, exploitation, discrimination
diversity/pluralism (9)
(1) general: inclusivism/exclusivism
- conflicting views, inc (pluralism, diversity, gandhi/rmr/vivk, rmk, universal, neo-vedanta)
- exc (hindutva, dayananda saraswati, ‘golden age’ vedic period, BJP/VHP/RSS)
(2) hindu diversity (tolerance/variety)
- all sources to same ultimate reality; ‘vasudeva katumbakam’ (‘the earth is one family’/upanishads)
(3) gandhi’s sarvodaya + ishtadeva
- 3 ideals, work as one unit (vs individualistic), continued via vinoba bhave, 1908, ‘shivrati’/no dogma
(4) exl/inc conflict + west/east dialogue
- opposing views: >for diplomacy/reciprocal/mutual acceptance
- Christian Ashram Movements, Inter-faith Wales (mutual)
(5) exclusivism (hindutva, dayananda saraswati, RSS/BHP/VHP)
- DS, return to sanatana/vedic, arya samaj/1875, sanskrit, against *hindu social injustice, ‘unite all hindus against foreign influences’
(6) hindu/indian UK identity (immigration, stats, culture clash)
- largest hindu pop outside india, discrmination/representation, phases (40s/70s/90s), 800,000 hindus in UK
- dilution/globalism/consumerism vs hinduism
(7) men/women in hinduism (vedic: ancient, gupta, later)
- male-dominated, roles/scripture, shakti, 3 periods (ancient, gupta, later), 4 trad women roles (dasi, mantri, mata, rambha)
(8) hindu feminist rights (1/RMR, 2/gandhi, 3/indira)
- finance/mothering/freedom/discrimination
- phases> edu/finance/sati/child marriage
(9) modern feminist issues (madhu kishwar, continued discrimination, legislation)
- developing/consciousness growing, backlash, lack of full representation
iskcon (13)
(1) ISKCON (general)
- bhagavan/krishna devotion; vaishnavism/monotheistic/bhakti
(2) chait mahap + swami prabhupada
- CM: krishna avatar, 16thC renounced saint, vaishnava bhakti yoga darshana
- SP: 1950s, spread iskcon, vedic, disciples, works (60+)
(3) prabhupada + developing iskcon
- 1960s, NY
(4) western popularity of iskcon
- appealed to white m-class counterculture americans; temples, george harrison
(5) iskcon controversies
- rasika-bhakti (exploited gopi-bhava); 1984 brainwashing; 1970s texas abuse
(6) iskcon key practises + beliefs
- mental practise/detachment from physical for krishna consciousness; nama-japa/kirtana
- beliefs: bhakti yoga, sewa/dharma, bgv, krishna as father
(7) hindu belief vs science (comparisons)
- cosmic rta vs einstein’s cause/effect
- kali yuga vs degeneration of ozone layer
- karmic evolution vs darwinian evolution
(8) sankhya yoga + hindu rishis
- SY: acknowledge science but emphasise spiritual + gunas (sattva/purity, raja/passion, tamas/inertia)
- rishis/seers’ observations used by hindu scientists/mathematicians (empirical+metaphysical)
(9) acharya charaka + ayurveda (general, strengths/weaknesses)
- ‘father of medicine’, prevention over cure, lacks modern technology; vata/pitta/kapha
- strengths/weakesses
(10) aryabhatta + hindu vs science (more comparison)
- maths/astro works predating western history
- hindu accept aspects of science (atoms, butterfly, double-helix DNA)
(11) secularisation in india + hindutva response
- 1948 ind state; article 25; hindutva backlash for secularisation, gandhi assassinated 1948
(12) poor and oppressed (general, stats, links to punya)
- value of wealth/artha (stages, rituals, culture); papa/dharma/virtuous acts/sewa; >hindus distracted by consumerism; purusharthas (4)
(13) artha shastra (+strengths/weaknesses), vinoba bhave
- AS: chankya 300BCE, maintain rta, book 6000 hymns; values of book
- VB: 18-1900, bhoodan yajna, help dalits
upanishads/hindu renaissance (9)
(1) upanishads (general + katha/chandogya)
- questioning of br/at, shruti (verbal)/smriti (written), 16thC
- karmakand (instructions/chants)/jnanakand (spiritual/later)
(2) brahman and atman relationship
- AT: consciousness/apophatic, eternal+transmigratory; develop for moksha
- BR: universal/all-pervading consciousness, saguna/nirguna
- relationship personal v impersonal/micro vs macro
(3) yajna/yagna (+UP concept of yajna)
- fire sacrifice; restore dharmic+karmic balance
- differs in time; pre/post-vedic time
(4) importance/unimportance of UPs today
- S: older than west, origins of hinduism, represent hindu/indian culture (srinivasan, uzzell, aurobindo, smith)
- W: exclusive, dated, guru necessary (jamison, coburn)
(5) hindu renaissance, hindutva/neo-vedanta
- 16C+ (disparate asso) foreign rule>19thC HI/WE discourse; 1948 secular state (hindu identity rebirth; equality)
- neo-vedanta (inclusivist, monotheistic, modern, hybrid east/west) vs hindutva (backlash, golden vedic age, exclusivist, hindustan)
(6) RMR (key points, efforts, key terms, Qs)
- 1814 social reformer, brahmo samaj
- hybrid east/west + science/spirituality; Neo-vedanta/AdV, Universalism/Pluralism
(7) RMK (key points, efforts, key terms, Qs)
- 1836, kali/trauma/visions, Pluralism, Universalism, AdV, inclusivity
- all worship to one ultimate goal/reality>end inequality through shared end goal
(8) Vivk (key points, efforts, key terms, Qs)
- 1863, reformer, all to same goal, infl by RMK/RMR
- 1897 founded Ramakrishna Mission, presented HI to West
(9) gandhi (key points, efforts, key terms, Qs)
- 1869, infl east/west, opposed discrimination
- advaita vedanta, universalism, pluralism, inclusivism
- ‘indian answers to indian problems’/work as indian unit, capitalise on indian strengths
