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pasado midterms cutie > histo > Flashcards

histo Flashcards

(73 cards)

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1
Q

cytoplasm

A

sarcoplasm

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2
Q

smooth er

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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3
Q

muscle cell membrane and it’s external lamina

A

sarcolema

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4
Q

dense irregular connective tissue; surrounds the muscle fiber

A

endomysium

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5
Q

thin connective tissue; surrounds each fascicle

A

perimysium

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6
Q

connects muscle to the bone, skin, or another muscle

A

myotendinous junction

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7
Q

reserve progenitor cells, fuses together following injury or trauma

A

satellite cell

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8
Q

•slow contractions for a long period of time without fatigue
•fibers: dark or red

A

slow oxidative muscle fibers

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9
Q

•rapid, short term contractions, leading to rapid fatigue
•fibers: white
•anaerobic metabolism of glycogen to glucose produces lactic acid
• accumulation of lactic acid leads to rapid fatigue

A

fast glycolytic fibers

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10
Q

intermediate between the two types

A

fast oxidative-glycolytic fibers

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11
Q

long cylindrical filament bundles in the sarcoplasm

A

myofibrils

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12
Q

anistropic, birefringent in polarized microscope

A

A band (dArk band)

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13
Q

isotropic, does not alter polarized light

A

I band (lIght band)

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14
Q

transverse line bisecting the I band

A

Z disc

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15
Q

repetitive contractile subunit

A

sarcomere

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16
Q

due to the arrangement of myofilaments: myosin and f actin

A

band pattern

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17
Q

thick filament

A

myosin

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18
Q

thin filament

A

actin

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19
Q

synthesize proteins to make myofilaments

A

myotubes

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20
Q

coil of two polypeptide chains in the groove between two twisted actin strands

A

tropomyosin

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21
Q

complex with three subunits

A

troponin

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22
Q

attaches to tropomyosin

A

TnT (troponin T)

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23
Q

binds calcium

A

TnC (troponin C)

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24
Q

regulates actin myosin interaction

A

TnI (troponin I)

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25
acting-binding protein thay anchors actin filaments perpendicularly om the Z disc
a-actinin
26
largest protein in the body supporting the thick myofilaments and connects them to the Z disc
Titin
27
binds each thin myofilament leterally, helps anchor them to a-actinin, and spececies lenght of the actin polymers
nebulin
28
lighter zone central of A band
H zone
29
bisects H zone
M line
30
myomisin-binding protein in M line that holds thick filaments in place
myomesin
31
enzyme that catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups from phosphocreatine to ADP
creatine kinase
32
has pumps and proteins for calcium sequestration that is released in sarcolemma
sarcoplasmic reticulum
33
triad triggering calcium release when sarcolemma is depolarized
transvers or t-tubule
34
•mutations of dysthropin gene: involved in functional organization of myofibrils •lead to defective linkages between cytoskeleton and ECM •resulting to atrophy of muscle fibers
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
35
increased cell size
hypertrophy
36
increased number of cells
hyperplasia
37
decreased cell size
atrophy
38
•”visceral muscle” •major component of blood vessels, digestive, respiratory, urinary,and reproductive tracts and its organ
smooth muscle tissue
39
network of type l and lll collagen fibers
endomysium
40
plasmalemma invagination containg the major ion channels controlling the calcium release
caveolae
41
release of calcium from sarcoplasmic cisternae at myofibrils
initiate contraction
42
myofibrillar arrays of actin and myosin arrange in a criss cross pattern
generate contraction
43
autonomic nerves
stimulate contractions
44
•calmodulin •myosin light-chain kinase (mlck)
proteins producing contraction
45
benign tumos but seldom problematic
leiomyomas
46
occuring in the wall of the uterus and produce painful pressure and unexpected bleeding as it grows larger
fibroids
47
•mature cardiac muscle cell: 15-30 um wide, 85-120 um long with one central nucleus
cardiac muscle tissue
48
rich capillary network
endomysium
49
thick, forming large masses of fibrous connective tissue, resulting to the “cardiac skeleton”
perimysium
50
transverse lines that represent interfaces adjacent cells and junctional complexes (veins, arteries, and nerves)
intercalated discs
51
composed of many desmosomes
cardiac muscle tissue
52
provide the ionic continuity between the cells, serving as “electrical synapses”
gap junctiona
53
well-developed with large lumens and penetrate the sarcoplasm
t-tubules in ventricular muscle fibers
54
profiles in junctions between its terminal cisterns and t-tubules
dyad
55
tissue damage due to the lack of oxygen when coronary arteries are occluded by heart disease
ischemia
56
tough, durable form of supporting connective tissue
cartilage
57
•receives nutrients by diffusion from perichondrium • Lacks nerves and has low metabolic rate
Avascular
58
glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans interacting with collagen and elastic fibers
ECM
59
• Interaction between type II collagen fibrils and proteoglycans linked to hyaluronan
Matrix
60
• cartilage cells • Synthesize and maintain ECM components: type II collagen and other ECM components • Location: lacunae
chondrocytes
61
• Most common • Homogenous and semi transparent • Covered by perichondrium: essential for growth and maintenance • Outer: type I collagen fibers and fibroblasts • Inner: mesenchymal stem cells
Hyaline cartilage
62
• articular surfaces of movable joints, walls of larger respiratory passages, ventral ends of ribs, epiphyseal plates of long bones • Embryo: forms temporary skeleton
Adults
63
major regulator of hyaline cartilage growth
somatotropin
64
• Abundant network of elastic fibers and meshwork of type II collagen fibrils • Resulting to yellowish color
elastic cartilage
65
location of elastic cartilage
auricle of the ear, walls of external auditory canals, auditory (Eustachian) tubes, epiglottis, and upper respiratory tract
66
Mingling of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue
fibrocartilage
67
location of fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, attachments of certain ligaments, pubic symphysis
68
• embryonic cartilage formation • Mesenchymalcells–chondroblasts– chondrocytes • Superficial mesenchyme: develops as perichondrium
chondrogenesis
69
mitotic division of preexisting chondrocytes
interstitial growth
70
chondroblast differentiation from progenitor cells in perichondrium
appositional growth
71
• Mutations in FBN1 gene: encodes for fibrillin-1 • Essential in formation of elastic fibers within connective tissue • Abnormalities: skeletal, cardiovascular, ocular, pulmonary, dural ectasia, etc.
Marfan syndrome
72
• Gradual loss or physical change of hyaline cartilage lining the articular ends of bones in joints
osteoarthritis
73
Due to increased uric acid crystals
gouty arthritis

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