Histo 2 The Cell Biology.Cell membrane and Organelles

Question 1

What are the compartments that cells can be divded into , what its each compartment ? How can organelles be divided into ? What are some examples

Answer 1

Question 2

The cytoplasm can be divided into what ? And what its in them ?

Answer 2

Question 3

What is the plasma membrane made out of ? Is it polar or nonpolar ? Whats hydrophobic whatts hydrophilic ?

Answer 3

Question 4

In a cell, where is the inner and outer plasma emmbrane ?

Answer 4

Question 5

What are three types of vesicles that membrane can form ?

Answer 5

Micelle= mono

Question 6

What are some movements that phospholipids can do ?

Answer 6

Question 7

How does saturated and unsatured phosphilipdis( describe how they look ) effect fluidity ?

Answer 7

saturated=single

unsaturated= multiple double C=C bonds

Question 8

What is the role of Cholesterol ? What is a nintergral membrane protein ? What is a peripheral membrane protein ? What are protieins that pass only once in the memrbane ? What is one that passes multiple times across the membrane.

Answer 8

Question 9

What is the purpose of freeze fracture ? What is the P and E face , what do they face ?

Answer 9

This is if you were to cut the membrane in half, ( by leaflet) where the P face is the proteins in the middle while E is the top where the polar charge are

Question 10

Carbohydrates in the membrane can be connected to what two things ? What is glycocalyx ? What is a lipid raft ? what is it made out of, and what is their role ?

Answer 10

Question 11

What is integral membrane protein that is a pump, channels, receptor, linker proteins, enzymes, structural proteins.

Answer 11

Question 12

How does a membrane transport diffuse across the membrane ? What are examples of membrane transport proteins ? What do they do ?

Answer 12

Question 13

Membrane transport depends on what two things to pass the membrane ?

Answer 13

Polar molecules instead of charged molecules can pass the membrane.

Question 14

What is an ion channels ?

Answer 14

Question 15

What is a voltage gated channel ? and Ligand Gated channel. What type of protein are they ?

Answer 15

Question 16

What is vascular transport ? what are two types ?

Answer 16

Question 17

What do endocytosis require for vesicle formation ? What is pinocytosis ? Phagocytosis? which one needs clathrin ? What is receptor mediated endocytosis ?

Which is not clathrin independent, but actin dependent ?

What makes the cut for endocytosis ?

Answer 17

Remember that clathrin depdent needs to be not alive, and heavy.

Question 18

.Describe the steps for receptor-mediated endocytosis ?

Answer 18

Question 19

What is the purpose of the clathrin coated pits ?

Answer 19

Question 20

What is pinocytosis, and what can help you remember what it does ?

Answer 20

Question 21

In the picture, can you find the pinocytosis ?

Answer 21

Question 22

What is phagocytosis ? and what are the steps ? ? what is speudopods ?

Answer 22

fat feet

Question 23

What is endocytosis ? After endocytosis the vesicle must fuse with ? What has the RAB-GTPase, and whats the purpose ? What is the purpose of tethering proteins ? What is the purpose of the SNARE ? What is V snare, and T snare? and what does it form? Whats the result ?

What removes the tethering of the Cis snare ?

Answer 23

irab is india

Question 24

Describe the steps of endocytosis.

Answer 24

Question 25

What allows ribosomes to attach to the rER ?

Answer 25

Question 26

How does a protein enter the the Rough endoplasmic reticulum ? It is polar or nonpolar ? What happens to the protein when they enter the membrane of the rER lumen? What happens to the Ribosomes, once the protein is done being made ? Where are the proteins then trasnported to ? What are the types of modification that ocurr in the rER? What happens to the proteins from ribomsomes where are free from the rER ?

Answer 26

Question 27

Where are the two places that can ribosomes be found ?

Answer 27

Question 28

Describe the process of how a mRNA is translated ?

Answer 28

Question 29

What is the role of COP-1 and COP-II in the trasnprot of proteins from and to or reverse from ER - golgi ? Which is retrro, and antergrade ?

Answer 29

Question 30

Where is clathrin found ? From which two organells , it is mostly used ?

Answer 30

mostly found in transport to the plasma membrane. So from golgi and up

Question 31

The Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, can be how connected to the rER? What does it produce for the plasma membrane ? ? What can it metabolize ? What is this orgenell most important for ? Why is it so important for college student who drink and smoke ? Which cytochrome does it work with ?

Answer 31

IT can form nonpolar substances like phospholipid and break them aswell like steroids, and lipids

Question 32

How are phospholipids transferred from other membranes ? Why does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum have glucose 6 phosphates ? What role does it play in regulating calcium , and why does it matter ?

Answer 32

Remember its able to breakdown hydrophobic substances such as glycogen, in this case to glucose using this enzyme in the liver.

Question 33

What are the three possible locations that a protein that leaves the rER to golgi goes after ?

Answer 33

Question 34

What is the Trans golgi remembered by ? How about cis ? What is hte medial golgi ? What is the use of COP-II in the golgi apparatus ? What is the Golgi important for ? What is the golgi important for the assembly of ?

Answer 34

Question 35

Answer 35

Question 36

Go over the summary of how RNA goes to make vesicles .

Answer 36

Question 37

What are the four possibilities where the protein can go after the golgi apparatus ?What is the apical plasma membrane ? Basolateral plasma membrane ? Endosomes or lysosome, and Apical cytoplasm ?

Answer 37

Question 38

what is constituive secretory pathway ? and Regulate secretory pathway from the golgi to the plasma membrane ?

Answer 38

Question 39

what are the two pathways golgi vesicles traffic goes to ?

Answer 39

Question 40

Where is clathrin, COP-1 and COP-2 used ?

Answer 40

Question 41

What is lysosome rich in ? what is its function , and by which two methods ? Which specializded cells release theri lysosomal enzymes directly into the extraceullar space ? What is unique about the lysosome , and what does it make it resistant to ? How does the lysosome keeps its acidic interior ? What are some membrnae proteins of the lysosome ? What are the groups of proteins on the membrane ? What is ment by hydrolytic ? What keeps in the interior so strong from the acidity ?

Answer 41

Hydrolytic- protons and the interiror is glycosylated to protect agaisnt the acidity.

Question 42

Where are lysosomal enzymes produced ? Where is the enzymes modified ?, and where does the enzyme go ? What happens to the receptor ? What is constitutive secretory pathway, and its connection to forming endosomes and plasma membrane ? ? What is the Golgi derived coated vesicle secretory pathway ? What is its connection with clathrin ?

Answer 42

Question 43

what are the three ways to deliver molecules to the lysosome ? When is phagocytosis, autophagy, and endosome use ?

Answer 43

Question 44

What is phagocytosis ? Autophagy ? Where is peroxisome found ?

Answer 44

Question 45

What are residual bodies in the lysosomes ?

Answer 45

Question 46

What is an example of lysosomal storage diease of ? What is Tay's Sachs Diease ? Krabe's disease ?

Answer 46

tay sacks at lying

Question 47

What are the fuctions of early endosomes ?

Answer 47

Question 48

How are early endosomes formed ? Where are they found ? hows their pH inside compare to the cell cytoplasm? what do they sort and recycle Late endosomes How are they formed ? How do they compare to early endosomes ? What is the name of the vesicle that transports from early to late endosomes ?

Answer 48

Question 49

.How are endosomes enzymes carry from the rER to tjhe golgi ? where are they stored ? how do you know when an early endosomeis going to become a lysosomes ? What is the role of mannose-6-phosphate to prohydrolase surface ? What happnes as the pH of the late endosomes acificies ? What happens to the prohtdrolase that is leaved ?

Answer 49

Question 50

.What are the four fates of a ligand receptor complexes in endosomes ? What is receptor recycled and ligand digraded, receptor and ligan recycled, receptor and ligand are degraded, and receptor and ligand tranffered across the cell. Describe what happens in familiial hypercholesterlemia ?

Answer 50

Question 51

Diagram of the four paths of ligand receptor complexes for endosome.

Answer 51

Question 52

What is a peroxysomes ? What does it produces , and and how does catalse and uric oxidase regulate hydrogen peroxide ? ? what role does it have in hepatocytes and kidney cells for college parties? What is it similar to ? ? What other role does it have ? What does it resemble ? What else is produced in peroxisomes that connected neurological ? Whats its connection with zellweger syndrome ?

Answer 52

sER.

Question 53

in the diagram where is hte ruate oxdiase crystallien core of a peroxisome ?

Answer 53

Question 54

.what is the role of a mitochondria ? what kind of genome do they have ? what happens when the body needs for mitochondria? where is it not present ?

Answer 54

Question 55

Answer 55

Question 56

In the outer mitochondira membrane, what is the role of voltage depdent anion channels ? Whats the role for receptors ? In the inner mitochondiral membrane, whats the role of cristae (folds), what is the role of cadriolipin with ions

Answer 56

Question 57

What are some enzymes found in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. What is in matrix ?

Answer 57

Question 58

In the mitochodnira, the proteins in the criste do what ?

Answer 58