Histology 4, the Cell nucleus and cell cycle

Question 1

What is chromatin ? Nucleolus, and Nuclear envelope ? How many many membrane, is it contious with ?

What is the nucleoplasm

Answer 1

the substance of a cell nucleus, especially that not forming part of a nucleolus.

Question 2

What is a chromatin ? What is heterochromatin ? Is it active ? Where is it found in the nculus ? What is euckromatin ? What is karyosome ? What is Nucleolar associated chromatin ?

Answer 2

Question 3

Where in a cell can you tell what is heterchromatin or euchromatin

Answer 3

Question 4

What is it a nucleosome ? How many histones ? What is a chromatin fibril ? What is loops domains ?

Answer 4

fibers like clothes

Question 5

in the cell where is the chromatin, nucleoulus ?

Answer 5

Question 6

What is a centromere ? What is atelomere? What happens to it, after each division? what is it connection to cancer ?

Answer 6

Question 7

What is the purpose fo the nucleolus ? What are the three identifable region in the EM ? What is a nucleostemin ? What is it connection to cancer?

Answer 7

Question 8

Are the two membranes selectivily permeable ? What is the perinuclear space ? What is the outer nuclear membrnae ? What is the inner nuclear membrane ?

Answer 8

Question 9

What is the fuction fo nuclear pore ? How many proteins make it ? How many rings, what are they ? Where are protein fibrils ? What is ment by bidirecional nucleoplasmic transport ?

Answer 9

Question 10

What is the purpose of the nuclear lamina ? When are they siasambled and reassembled ? What is it needed for ? What its connection to genetic disease and apoptosis ?

Answer 10

Question 11

Where is the lamin in the nuclear envelope ?

Answer 11

it helps fro mthe shape of the nucleus

Question 12

What is purpose of kinases in nuclear envelope , what is the purpose ?Whats the roel in phosphatase in the nuclear envolope ? What happens in the late telophase ?

Answer 12

phosphoyrylattion breaks down

Question 13

What is Emery Dreifuss Muscular dystrophy, Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndromes examples of ? ?

Answer 13

Question 14

In cell renewal, what is static cell population, stable cell population, renewing cell populations ? What is slowly renewing cells, rapidly renewing cells.

Answer 14

Question 15

explain why stem cells and germ cells have longer divisions then somatic cells .

Answer 15

Question 16

What is the G1 role ? What is g1 DNa-damage checkpoint for ? If the cell is damaged what does it use? Is this the most important restiriciton point ? How can a cell in go enter the cycle ?

Answer 16

Question 17

What does the S-DNA damage checkpoint does ? What does a G2 DNA damage checkpoint does ? What is unreplicated-DNA checkpoint do ?

Answer 17

Question 18

What are the three major checkpoints in the mitosis or meoisis ?

Answer 18

Question 19

What is Mitotic catastrophe ? What does it result in ?

Answer 19

Question 20

What are reserved stem cells ? What is the role of cyclin and CDK complexes ?

Answer 20

Question 21

What does cyclin bind to ? and what does it cause ? why is it so important in the cell cycle ? When is CDK activity high in , and low in ?

Answer 21

Question 22

What the overall logic of cyclin and cyclin kinase .

Answer 22

Question 23

What happens in prophase ? What happens to the nuclear envelope ? What keeps the sister chromatids together ?

Answer 23

Question 24

Where do mitotic spindle organize around ? What is astral microtuble( where is it coming from, and looks like ) , polar microtubule, kinetochore-microtubule.

Answer 24

Question 25

In anaphase, what happens ? What breaks ? How are chromatids pulled towards the poles ?

Answer 25

Question 26

In the telophase, what ahppens in the nuclear envope ? How does cleavage furrow develop?

Answer 26

remember like endocytosis, where dyanet pinches it . Most time, actin is the one that creates that pinch

Question 27

In meiosis, how many number of chromase and DNA are produced from meosis ? What is crossing over ? What does a male primary psermatocyte produce ? What does a female primary oocyte produce ?

Answer 27

Question 28

In meiosis 1 , what is meant by reductional division ? in prophase 1 , what is leptotene ? Zygotene ? Pachytene ? Diplotene ? What is chiasmata ? What is diakinesis ?

Answer 28

Question 29

Answer 29

Zygote

Answer 30

pachutene

Answer 31

Chiasmata,

Question 32

What is metaphase 1? What happens to the chomsomes? When does the chiasma separate ? Does the centromere split during anaphase 1 of meosis ? What is ment by segratation and random assortment ?

Answer 32

Question 33

In Meiosis 2, is there a S phase ? What is equatorial division ? What is the purpose of separase in anaphase 2 ? How are females and females different in the from primary oocytes and spermatogonia ?

Answer 33

Question 34

What are the two mechanism of cell death ?

Answer 34

Question 35

What is stenosis ?

Answer 35

the abnormal narrowing of a passage in the body.

Question 36

What is necrosis ?

Answer 36

the death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply.

Question 37

What is apoptosis ? How is it activiated ? what DNA fragmentation, decrease in cell volume , loss of mitochondiral function, Membrane blebbing, formation of apoptotic bodies ?

Answer 37

Question 38

In apoptosis at external stimuli, what is tumor necrosis factor, free radicals, oxidants, UV and ionization radiation ? While internal stimuli, what is oncogenes, tumor supressor gene ( p53) , nutrient depravation and mitotic catastrophe ?

Answer 38

Question 39

What are the two types of programmed cell death ?

Answer 39

Question 40

What is Bcl-2 proteins role in managing proapoptotic and antiapoptotics signals ? What is role in cytochrome C. What is apoptosis role in fetal hand development ? What apoptosis role in Immune T cells ?

Answer 40

Question 41

Name the affected protein and pathogenesis of cystic fibrosis, Familial hypercholesteromia, Tay-Sachs diease ,Alpha-1-antirypsin deficiency, Creutzfeld- jacob disease, Alzheimers diease .

Answer 41

Question 42

What is hypertrophy ?

Answer 42

Question 43

Whats atrophy ?

Answer 43

Question 44

What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy ? What different from atrophy and dystrophy ?

Answer 44

Question 45

What is hypoplasia ?

Answer 45

Question 46

What is hyperplasia ? Whats the difference between hypertrophy ?

Answer 46

Question 47

What is metaplasia ? Why is it done ?

Answer 47

Question 48

What is neoplasia ? What os adenoma ? Carcinoma ? Sarcoma ?

Answer 48

Question 49

What is anaplasia, and dysplasia ?

Answer 49