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Exam 4 > Histo 3 > Flashcards

Histo 3 Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

cells in olfactory epithelium

A
  • sustenacular cell (high nuclei)
  • olfactory cell (bipolar neuron)
  • basal cell (stem cell)
  • Bowman gland
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2
Q

glands in trachea

A
  • submucosal

- serous, mucous, and mixed seromucous

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3
Q

components of trachea

A
  • mucosa (respiratory epi, lamina propria)
  • submucosa (glands)
  • adventitia (hyaline cartilage) diagnostic
  • trachealis muscle

NO muscularis mucosa

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4
Q

kulchitsky cell

A
  • endocrine cells in respiratory epithelium

- release catecholamine, serotonin, calcitonin

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5
Q

intrapulmonary/secondary bronchi

A
  • irregular cartilage plates
  • muscularis mucosa
  • smooth muscle
  • BALT
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6
Q

bronchiole

A
  • NO cartilage
  • NO glands
  • few goblet cells
  • MANY CLUB CELLS
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7
Q

club cells

A
  • domed
  • produce surfactant
  • stem cells
  • protection (inflammation, oxidative stress)
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8
Q

terminal bronchiole

A
  • just before alveoli

- cannot tell unless in longitudinal section

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9
Q

respiratory bronchiole

A
  • bronchiole with alveoli

- still some smooth muscle (has alveolar outpockets)

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10
Q

alveolar duct

A
  • no muscle
  • all areas thin enough for gas exchange
  • ends in alveolar sac
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11
Q

atelectasis

A
  • collapse

- surfactant prevents this

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12
Q

type 1 pneumocyte

A
  • forms alveolar septa
  • squamous
  • share basement membrane with capillaries
  • NOT capable of division
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13
Q

caveolae

A
  • cavities in type 1 pneumocytes

- small molecules taken in by pinocytosis, transported to blood

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14
Q

type 2 pneumocyte

A
  • cuboidal
  • small microvilli
  • lamellar bodies (lipid/surfactant in cytoplasm, diagnostic in staining)
  • capable of division
  • usually in corners
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15
Q

lamellar bodies (alveoli)

A
  • type 2 pneumocyte

- store surfactant

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16
Q

alveolar pore

A
  • equilibrate pressure

- bacteria can spread this way

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17
Q

dust cell

A

wandering macrophage in lungs

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18
Q

pulmonary artery

A
  • deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
  • follows bronchiole tree faithfully
  • shares adventitia
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19
Q

pulmonary vein

A
  • returns oxygenated blood to heart
  • alone
  • no relation brochiole tree
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20
Q

bronchiole arteries

A
  • directly off aorta

- supply bronchiole tree itself

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21
Q

borders of renal lobules

A

interlobular vessels

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22
Q

renal corpuscle

A

glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule

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23
Q

parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

simple squamous epithelium

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24
Q

visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule

A

develops into podocytes where they touch glomerulus

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25
mesangial cells
- AKA lacis cells - supportive cells - phagocytose - repair - contractile - BP monitoring - in/around glomerulus
26
PCT:DCT ratio
3:1 (more PCT)
27
PCT characteristics
- brush border (microvilli) with glycocalyx - lots of mitochondria - basal invaginations increase surface area for absorption
28
intercalated cells / dark cells
- regulate pH - alpha cells secrete H+ - Beta cells secrete HCO3-
29
light cells (collecting duct)
- respond to ADH | - cilia serve as mechanosensors
30
diabetes insipidus
- inability to make or respond to ADH | - very dilute urine
31
diabetes mellitus
- insulin deficiency | - elevated glucose counter acts osmotic gradient --> makes urine sweet and dilute
32
juxtaglomerular apparatus
1) JG cells 2) macula densa 3) lacis cells
33
macula densa
- chemoreceptors - respond to low Na+ concentration - affect smooth muscle cells
34
JG cells
- baroreceptors - respond to arterial pressure - respond to macula densa - release renin into blood
35
renin angiotensin cascade
-overall increase in BP - renin released by JG cells cleaves angiotensinogen to form angiotensin 1 - ACE cleaves to form angioensin 2 - angiotensin 2: (1) increases vasoconstriction, (2) increases Na+/water reabsorption, and (3) stimulates adrenal cortex to release aldosterone -aldosterone increases Na+ absorption in DCT
36
layers of ureter
- transitional epithelium - NO muscularis mucosa - two layers in proximal muscularis externa - three layers in distal muscularis externa
37
tropic hormones
regulate other endocrine organs
38
pituitary gland
- AKA hypophysis - posterior lobe (pars nervosa + infundibulum) - anterior lobe (pars distalis + pars intermedia + pars tuberalis)
39
pituitary development
- upgrowth of oral ectoderm forms anterior lobe - down growth of neuroectoderm forms posterior lobe - Rathke's pouch (infold of oral ectoderm) forms pars intermedia
40
pars distalis
- anterior lobe - acidophils: somatotropes (GH), lactotropes/mammotropes (prolactin) - basophils: corticotropes (ACTH), thyrotropes (TSH), gonadotropes (FSH, LH) - chromophobe: ??
41
acidophils (pituitary)
- in pars distalis (anterior pituitary) - somatotropes: GH - lactotropes/mammotropes: prolactin
42
basophils (pitutary)
- in pars distalis (anterior pituitary) - corticotropes: ACTH - thyrotropes: TSH - gonadotropes: FSH, LH -all are TROPIC hormones
43
folliculostellate cells
- paracrine regulation | - neuro/immune regulation of inflammation
44
pars intermedia
- anterior lobe - mostly basophils - makes POMC (cleaved to form MSH, B-endorphin, ACTH) - cysts are remnants of Rathke's pouch
45
posterior pituitary
- neurosecretory (NOT endocrine) - hormones are stored in Herring bodies - oxytocin, ADH - axons terminate near blood vessels - hormones bound to neurophysin - supportive cells: pituicytes/glial cells
46
oxytocin
- secreted from posterior pituitary - uterine contractions - myoepithelial cell contraction in mammary glands - emotion (trust, calmness)
47
ADH
- AKA vasopressin - increases collecting duct permeability - vasoconstrictor
48
pineal gland
- neuroendocrine gland - inhibited by light - active in darkness - pinealcytes make melatonin from tryptophan - calcifications (corpora arenacea, myeloconia)
49
corpora arenacea
- brain sand | - in pineal gland
50
myeloconia
- brain dust - in pineal gland - extremely tiny
51
distribution of islet cells
- periphery: alpha cells (glucagon) - center: beta cells (insulin) - scattered: gamma cells - delta cells (somatostatin)
52
somatostatin
- made by delta cells | - inhibitory action to pituitary, GI hormones, endocrine/exocrine pancreas
53
thyroid colloid components
- thyroglobulin - thyroid peroxidase - iodine (I-) and iodide (I)
54
TSH
- causes cells to make and release thyroglobulin | - causes import of iodide (I-) from blood (then released into lumen)
55
thyroid peroxidase
oxidizes iodide (I-) to iodine (I)
56
T4
- thyroxine - stable - long half life - can be cleaved to T3
57
T3
- triiodothyronine - potent form - short half life - can be made by cleaving T4
58
goiter
- low thyroxine (no iodine) - increased TRH from hypothalamus - increased TSH from pituitary - hypertrophy & hyperplasia of thyroid cells, increased colloid - repeat cycle hypothyroidism
59
graves disease
- autoantibodies against TSH receptor (excess activation) - hyperthyroidism - goiter develops from follicle cell hyperplasia - periorbital CT deposition causes eyeballs to bulge
60
parafollicular/clear cells
- in basal lamina - neural crest derived - make calcitonin (lowers blood Ca levels, opposes parathyroid hormone)
61
calcitonin
- stimulated by high Ca2+ in blood - lowers blood calcium levels - decrease osteoclast activity - increased osteoblast activity - decreased Ca2+ absorption - stored in parafollicular cells - opposes parathyroid hormone
62
parathyroid hormone
- cell rich - chief cells: PTH - oxyphils: ??
63
chief cells in parathyroid
- secretes PTH: increases blood calcium (increase osteoclast activity, stimulate vit D activation in kidney, vit D stimulates Ca2+ resorption in GI and kidney) - darker cells
64
oxyphil cells
- in parathyroid hormone - appear at puberty - unknown function
65
ectopic thyroid
- pyrimidal lobe - upward extension of thyroid - functional
66
thyroglossal duct cyst
develops from cells and tissues remaining after the formation of the thyroid gland during embryonic development
67
adrenal gland
- dense irregular CT capsule - cortex: steroids - medulla: catecholamines
68
adrenal cortex layers
1) zona glomerulosa 2) zona fasciculata 3) zona reticularis produces steroid hormones
69
zona glomerulosa
- cells clustered into balls - just under CT capsule - secretes mineralcorticoids (aldosterone: increase Na absorption) - controlled by angiotensin
70
zona fasciculata
- middle cortex - most lipid rich - arranged into rows - secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol: glucose metabolism, antiinflammation) - controlled by ACTH
71
aldosterone
- mineralcorticoid - secreted by zona glomerulosa - promotes Na+ absorption in kidney to increase BP - controlled by angiotensin II (also some by K+ levels, ACTH)
72
cortisol
- glucocorticoid - secreted by zona fasciculata - glucose metabolism - anti-inflammatory agent - controlled by ACTH
73
zona reticularis
- deep cortex - androgens: DHEA (precursor to sex hormones) - controlled by ACTH
74
adrenal medulla
- neural crest derived - chromaffin cells - makes catecholamines from Phe & Tyr - 80% epinephrine - 20% norepinephrine - small amounts of dopamine
75
chromaffin cells
- neuroendocrine cells - modified, axonless neurons - acts like 2nd neuron in sympathetic 2 neuron chains - delivers adrenaline, noradrenaline to blood - increases heart rate/BP, dilate bronchioles, dilate coronary arteries

Exam 4 (6 decks)

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