Histo

Question 1

He capsule of the kidney is formed by ___

Answer 1

DICT:

• collagen
• fibroblasts
• myofibroblasts

Question 2

The ____ is a medially located deep vertical tissue through which ureter, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the kidney

Answer 2

Hilum

Question 3

True or false:
Calyces and the renal pelvis do not modify urine.
So what is the epithelium?

Answer 3

True

Transitional

Question 4

Urine flow order

Answer 4

Renal pyramid/papilla
Minor calyces
Major
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Bladder
Urethra

Question 5

Kidney substance consists of what two things? Which is internal/external?

Answer 5

Cortex/external (darker colored)

Medulla/internal

Question 6

What things are found in the cortex of the kidney ?

Answer 6

Tubules
Corpuscles
Blood vessels (why it’s darker)
Interstitial CT

Question 7

1. The convoluted tubules of the cortex of the kidney form the ____.
2. Straight tubules and collecting ducts form _____.
3. The areas between the pyramids of the medulla are called ____.
4. They most resemble (medulla/cortex).

Answer 7

1. Cortical labyrinth
2. Medullary rays
3. Renal columns
4. Cortex (darker)

Question 8

What does the medulla consist of?

Answer 8

Renal tubules (which form pyramids)
Collecting ducts

Question 9

The outer medulla consists of the outer and inner stripe. What distinguishes the two?

Answer 9

1. Outer: mostly thick tubules (ascending and descending) and collecting ducts.
2. Inner: both thick (ascending) and thin (descending) tubules of the loop of Henle

Question 10

The inner medulla consists of ___

Answer 10

Mostly thin tubules and collecting ducts

Question 11

The tip of the renal papilla is formed by the ____

Answer 11

Area cribrosa

Question 12

The nephron consists of ___

Answer 12

A renal corpuscle and renal tubules

Question 13

True or false:

Nephrons are branched structures

Answer 13

False

Question 14

The ___ is a spherical structure whose major function is the filtration of blood.
It consists of a ____ surrounded by ___. Am afferent arteriole brings blood to this structure and am efferent collects blood from it.

Answer 14

Renal corpuscle
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule

Question 15

Layers of Bowman’s capsule:

Answer 15

1. Parietal: simple squamous epithelium

2. Visceral: modified epithelium called podocytes

Question 16

Podocytes cover the surface of what?

Primary vs. secondary podocytes?

Answer 16

1. Capillaries of the glomerulus
2. Primary: larger
3. Secondary: smaller, aka pedicels

Question 17

1. Gaps between pedicels are called ____.
2. At the base of these gaps components of the ___ of adjacent cells form a negatively charged barrier called the ____.
3. What is its diameter?

Answer 17

1. Filtration slits
2. Glycocalyx, slit diaphragm
3. Size of an albumin molecule

Question 18

From the ____, the primary ultrafiltrate of blood goes into the proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 18

Urinary space/Bowman’s space, which is the space between the two layers of Bowman’s capsule

Question 19

The ___ is the area of Bowman’s capsule where the blood vessels enter and exit the corpuscle.

Answer 19

Vascular pole

Question 20

The ___ is the area of Bowman’s capsule where the proximal convoluted tubule originates.

Answer 20

Urinary pole

Question 21

___ or ____ is a cluster of fenestrated capillaries with mesangial cells at the end of capillary loops.

Answer 21

Glomerulus, or glomerular tuft

Question 22

The glomerular capillaries contain numerous fenestrae that are ____ in diameter. An unusual feature of these capillaries is _____. Formed blood elements do not pass through, but there is little barrier for molecules smaller than the size of the opening. The basal laminar of the endothelial cells of the capillaries and podocytes are fused to form a single basal lamina

Answer 22

50-100nm

These fenestrae do NOT have diaphragms

Question 23

1. Mesangial cells are located _____.
2. They are ___, so they play a role in the regulation of ____.
3. They have receptors for ____, and activation of these receptors does what?
4. They also provide structural support for ____
5. Are involved in ____ of residue and proteins trapped on the basal lamina

Answer 23

1. Between capillaries
2. Contractile, glomerular blood flow
3. Ang II, reduced flow
4. Glomeruli
5. Phagocytosis

Question 24

What do kidney tubules do?

Answer 24

Reabsorb materials from the ultrafiltrate and secrete materials into it as well

Question 25

1. The proximal convoluted tubule begins from the ___. 2. It is formed by ____ with well developed microvilli that form a brush border 3. The function of these tubules is to reabsorb ____ 4. It also eliminates ___ 5. The fluid that leaves the proximal convoluted tubule is ____ to plasma

Answer 25

1. Urinary pole 2. Large cuboidal cells 3. AAs, proteins, glucose, and ions 4. Organic somites, drugs, and toxins 5. Isotonic

Question 26

Order of the kidney tubules

Answer 26

1. Proximal convoluted tubule 2. Loop of henle: - thick d - thin d - thin a - thick a 3. Distal convoluted tubule 4. Connecting tubule 5. Collecting ducts

Question 27

Descending limbs of the Loop of Henle go towards ___ while ascending go towards ___

Answer 27

Medulla | Capsule

Question 28

What are the proximal straight and distal straight tubules also known as?

Answer 28

Proximal straight tubule=thick descending limb of Henle | Distal=thick ascending limb

Question 29

Epithelium in the loop of Henle:

Answer 29

1. Thick d: simple cuboidal 2. Thin d: simple squamous 3. Thin a: simple squamous 4. Thick a: simple cuboidal

Question 30

Functions of the limbs of the loop of Henle:

Answer 30

1. Thick d: similar to proximal convoluted tubule, not specialized for absorption. 2. Thin d: water out, some urea and NaCl in 3. Thin a: impermeable for water, highly permeable for NaCl (goes out) 4. Thick a: impermeable to water and urea, Na and Cl out

Question 31

The filtrate becomes hyperosmotic in what part of the loop of Henle? Hypoosmotic/hypotonic?

Answer 31

1. Thin d - water out, NaCl in 2. Thin a and Thick a - NaCl out, no water movement

Question 32

1. The thick descending limb of the loop of Henle is only present where? 2. Thin a? 3. Thick a?

Answer 32

1. Outer stripe of the outer medulla 2. Inner medulla 3. Long, goes from inner stripe of the outer medulla through the outer stripe into the cortex

Question 33

Which limb of the loop of Henle connects with the Bowman's capsule and makes contact with the vascular pole?

Answer 33

Thick a

Question 34

The epithelial cells of the ____ adjacent to the ____ arteriole form the macula densa.

Answer 34

Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle | Afferent

Question 35

1. Distal convoluted tubule is formed by ___ WITHOUT the brush border 2. What is its main function?

Answer 35

1. Cuboidal cells | 2. Reabsorption of Na, Cl, and HCO3-

Question 36

Connecting tubules have ___ epithelium. | Collecting ducts have ____

Answer 36

Both have simple cuboidal | -collecting duct epithelium becomes taller (low columnar) dustally

Question 37

Portions of collecting ducts located in the medullary rays of the cortex are called ___ while the parts located in the medulla are called

Answer 37

Cortical | Medullary

Question 38

What are ducts of Bellini?

Answer 38

Papillary ducts , which are located in the apex of the pyramid collecting ducts, and they empty into the minor calyx

Question 39

What cell types are found in the ducts of Bellini?

Answer 39

1. Principal cells-no infoldings, respond to vasopressin by opening water channels, reabsorb Na and Cl, and secrete K 2. Intercalated cells-regulate pH by transporting H and HCO3

Question 40

Two major types of nephrons:

Answer 40

1. Juxtamedullary - renal corpuscles in the inner portion of the cortex, close to medulla - long loops of Henle, with thin d and a segments 2. Cortical - corpuscles located closer to capsule - short loops of Henle, without thin a segment - thin d is in inner stripe of outer medulla

Question 41

Typical distribution of tubule types between layers of the kidney in juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 41

1. Cortex: proximal and distal convoluted 2. Outer strip: proximal and distal straight 3. Inner stripe: thin d, distal straight 4. Inner medulla: thin d, thin a * all have collecting ducts

Question 42

The ___ is important in regulating BP through renin production. It consists of 3 major components:

Answer 42

Juxtaglomerular apparatus 1. Juxtaglomerular cells 2. Macula densa 3. Extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 43

The macula densa is formed by modified epithelium of the ____ portion of the ____. The epithelial cells are taller and narrower. It's major function is to sense ____ in the tubule.

Answer 43

Distal Thick a limb of loop of Henle Chloride concentration

Question 44

Juxtaglomerular cells are modified ____ cells and exhibit secretory activity.

Answer 44

Smooth muscle

Question 45

Aldosterone stimulates ____ by principal cells in the collecting duct.

Answer 45

Electrogenic reabsorption of sodium

Question 46

The ____ are located in the cleft between the afferent and efferent arterioles and the macula densa they provide structural support and transmit signals from ___ to ____

Answer 46

Extraglomerular mesangial cells | Macula densa to juxtaglomerular cells

Question 47

Renal arteries divide into 5 segmental arteries, which do not anastomose. What is the branching pattern?

Answer 47

lobar-interlobar-arcuate-interlobular-afferent arterioles-capillary loops-efferent arterioles-second capillary bed (either peritubular or vasa recta)

Question 48

1. ____ arteries travel between the renal pyramids to the corticomedullary junction, where they divide. 2. ___ arteries run along the corticomedullary junction then branch 3. ___ arteries run perpendicular to the arcuate arteries into the cortex. 4. ____ extend towards renal corpuscles, enter Bowman's capsule through the vascular pole, and supply the ___

Answer 48

1. Interlobar 2. Arcuate 3. Interlobular 4. Afferent arterioles, glomerulus

Question 49

The ____ drain the capillaries of the glomerulus, then exit bowman's capsule through the vascular pole. They give rise to the second capillary bed

Answer 49

Efferent arterioles

Question 50

1. ____arise from efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons. | 2. ____ arise from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons.

Answer 50

1. Peritubular capillaries | 2. Vasa recta

Question 51

What do vasa recta do?

Answer 51

Help remove water from medullary interstitial tissue | Maintain high osmolarity

Question 52

Descending vs. ascending vasa recta

Answer 52

D: run straight toward apex of pyramid. Form capillary beds around loop of henle tubules. Rejoin to form ascending A: run back towards corticomedullary junction

Question 53

Peritubular capillaries drain either into ___ veins or ____ veins in the renal cortex (which then drain into ___ veins, then ___ veins)

Answer 53

Interlobular Stellate Interlobular Arcuate

Question 54

Ascending vasa recta drain into ___ veins, which are tributaries of ___ veins which unite near the hilum to form the ____ vein.

Answer 54

Arcuate Interlobar Renal

Question 55

The lining of the ureter is formed by ____ epithelium. It is impermeable to salts and water. It has the ability to stretch. It is characterized by the presence of ___ cells that bulge into the lumen.

Answer 55

Transitional | Dome

Question 56

Unlike the intestine, the smooth muscle cells of the ureter are arranged ___

Answer 56

Into bundles, not sheets

Question 57

The epithelium of the bladder is ___. In the relaxed bladder, as many as ___ layers of epithelial cells are present. If the bladder is distended, this number can be as low as ___.

Answer 57

Transitional 6 3

Question 58

The muscularis of the bladder is ____ than that of the ureter and forms the ____ muscle.

Answer 58

Thicker | Detrusor

Question 59

The ___ part of the bladder is covered with serosa. The rest is covered with adventurism.

Answer 59

Upper

Question 60

Transitional cell carcinoma usually arises from the transitional epithelium of the ____

Answer 60

Renal pelvis Ureter Bladder

Question 61

The male urethra has ___ layers of smooth muscle. It can be divided into 3 segments: Name their epithelium

Answer 61

Two 1. Prostatic urethra (transitional epithelium, ejaculatory ducts open in the beginning) 2. Membranous urethra (psuedostratified or stratified columnar epithelium, extends into bulb of penis) 3. Penile (spongy) urethra (psuedostratified columnar epithelium replaced with non-keratinized stratified squamous distally)

Question 62

Which is longer, male or female urethra?

Answer 62

Male (20cm vs. 4cm)

Question 63

Epithelium of the female urethra

Answer 63

Transitional replaced by pseudostratified/stratified columnar in the middle and non-keratinized stratified squamous distally

Question 64

Glands of Littré

Answer 64

Urethral glands within lamina propria/submucosa - tubuloalveolar mucous glands * most common in penile urethra of the male and along the female urethra