Histo Cardio

Question 1

Components of the epicardium

Answer 1

Mesothelial lining, loose connective tissue, Nerves, blood vessels to the myocardium

Question 2

Components of the endocardium

Answer 2

Endothelium, subendothelial connective tissue, impulse-conducting system of the heart

Question 3

What covers the external surface of the heart?

Answer 3

Mesothelial lining (simple squamous epithelial)

Question 4

Lines the luminal surface of the heart

Answer 4

Endothelium

Question 5

Thin sheath of connective tissue located directly underneath the endothelial lining

Answer 5

Subendothelial connective tissue

Question 6

What supports the heart walls?

Answer 6

Fibrous skeleton

Question 7

Parts of the fibrous skeleton

Answer 7

4 fibrous rings, 2 trigones

Question 8

Surrounds the valve orifices

Answer 8

Fibrous rings

Question 9

Connects the fibrous rings

Answer 9

Trigones

Question 10

Name the 4 fibrous rings

Answer 10

FR of the pulmonary trunk/aorta, ring of the mitral/tricuspid valve (left and right atriventricular ring)

Question 11

Connects the ring of the mitral valve and aortic fibrous ring

Answer 11

Left fibrous trigone

Question 12

Connects the ring of the tricuspid valve and the pulmonary trunk fibrous ring

Answer 12

Right fibrous ring

Question 13

Part of the interventricular septum that is devoid of cardiac muscle

Answer 13

Membranous part (dense irregular connective tissue)

Question 14

What is the #1 location of septal defect?

Answer 14

Membranous part (dense irregular connective tissue

Question 15

Composition of valves

Answer 15

Loose connective tissue covered with endothelium, with dense irregular connective tissue with elastic fibers for structural support

Question 16

3 layers of the valves

Answer 16

Fibrosa, spongiosam, atrialis

Question 17

Forms the dense irregular connective tisse connected to the corresponding fibrous ring

Answer 17

Fibrosa

Question 18

Forms the loose connective tissue with large amounts elastic fibers

Answer 18

Spongiosa (acts as a shock absorber)

Question 19

Covers the atrial aspect of the spongiosa

Answer 19

Atrialis ( rich in proteoglycans)

Question 20

One of the most common valve pathologies

Answer 20

Mitral valve prolapse

Question 21

What causes mitral valve prolapse?

Answer 21

Abnormal formation of structural proteins that form the valve (collagen/fibrillin)

Question 22

What system regulates the heart rate?

Answer 22

ANS

Question 23

What are hormone and chemical substances’ effect on the heart?

Answer 23

Change rate, and force of contraction

Question 24

Cardiac muscle cells modified for the conduction of electrical impulses in a way similar to nerve cells

Answer 24

Purkinje fibers

Question 25

Nodes/bundles of Purkinje fibers

Answer 25

SA/AV node, bundle of His

Question 26

What are Purkinje fibers mainly composed of?

Answer 26

Glycogen

Question 27

Caused by obstruction of coronary arteries, loss of blood supply to the cardiac muscle for more than 20 minutes

Answer 27

Myocardial infarction

Question 28

Inflammation of the myocardium caused by infection/intoxication

Answer 28

Myocarditis

Question 29

More common benign tumor of the heart

Answer 29

Myxoma

Question 30

One of the most common tumor that spreads to the heart

Answer 30

Metastatic melanoma

Question 31

One of the rare tumors that originate in the heart

Answer 31

Angiosarcoma

Question 32

What causes changes in the structure of the cardiac muscle and weakens the heart?

Answer 32

Cardiomyopathy

Question 33

3 layers of vessels

Answer 33

Tunica: intima, media, adventitia

Question 34

3 parts of the tunica intima

Answer 34

Endothelium, subendothelial connective tissue, internal elastic lamina

Question 35

Part of the tunica intima that participates in the structural/functional integrity of the vascular walls

Answer 35

Endothelial cells (barrier between blood and underlying tissue)

Question 36

Allows the selective movement of small/large molecules from the blood to the tissue and back

Answer 36

Selective permeability barrier

Question 37

3 pathways of molecular travel across the endothelium

Answer 37

Transcellular pathway, Paracellular pathway, fenestrations

Question 38

Allows active transport across the plasma membrane (and method)

Answer 38

Transcellular pathway: uses caveolae (clathrin-independent form of endocytosis)

Question 39

What method of endocytosis is used for transport of LDL and cholesterol?

Answer 39

Clathrin-dependant endocytosis

Question 40

Allows passive transport accorss the zonula occudens

Answer 40

Paracellular pathway

Question 41

What type of barrier does the endothelium provide between the platlets and sunendothelial tissue?

Answer 41

Non-thrombogenic barrier (anticoags are produced). Damage to the endothelial cells causes release of prothrombogenic agents

Question 42

How does the endothelium regulate blood flow?

Answer 42

Secretion of vasocontractors (ACE, endothlin, thromboxane) and Vasodilators (NO, prostacyclin)

Question 43

What interleukins regulate lymphocyte adhesion?

Answer 43

IL 1,6,8

Question 44

How does the endothelium express high metabolic and hormone activity?

Answer 44

Secretion of various growth factors (CSF, TGF _, conversion of angiotense 1 to 2)

Question 45

Composition of subendothelial layer

Answer 45

Loose connective tissue

Question 46

Flattened fenestrated sheet of elastin that separates the tunica intima from media

Answer 46

Internal elastic lamina

Question 47

Arrangement of the smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media

Answer 47

Circular

Question 48

Separates the tunica media from adventitia

Answer 48

external elastic lamina

Question 49

Arrangement of the smooth muscle fibers of the tunica adventia

Answer 49

Longitudinal

Question 50

What type of tissue is located primarily on the periphery of the adventia

Answer 50

Loose connective tissue

Question 51

Small blood vessels that supply the walls of the larger blood vessels

Answer 51

Vasa Vasorum

Question 52

Nerves that innervate the blood vessels via the tunica adventitia

Answer 52

Nervi vasorum

Question 53

3 major types of arteries

Answer 53

Conducting, distributing, resistance

Question 54

Large elastic arteries

Answer 54

Conducting vessels

Question 55

Muscular arteries

Answer 55

Distributing vessels

Question 56

Small arteries and arterioles

Answer 56

Restistance vessels

Question 57

What do Weibel-Palade bodies contain that is important?

Answer 57

von Willebrand factor

Question 58

What is different about the large elastic artery subendothelial layer?

Answer 58

Contains collagen and elastic fibers, internal elastic lamina is NOT prominent

Question 59

What is unique about the large elastic artery tunica media?

Answer 59

Thick with numerous elastic lamellae

Question 60

What is unique about the muscular artery tunica intima?

Answer 60

Prominent internal elastic lamina

Question 61

What is different about the muscular artery tunica media?

Answer 61

Significantly less elastic fibers, external lamina is well-developed

Question 62

Small arteries tunica media

Answer 62

Up to 8 layers of smooth muscle fibers

Question 63

Arterioles tunica media

Answer 63

1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle

Question 64

What controls the blood flow to the capillaries?

Answer 64

Arterioles

Question 65

Results from the formation of lesions in the tunica intima

Answer 65

Atherosclerosis

Question 66

Components of atherosclerosis

Answer 66

Fibrous tissue, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, foam cells, cholesterol crystals, cell debris

Question 67

Smallest blood vessel in the body

Answer 67

Capillary

Question 68

Composition of capillaries

Answer 68

Single layer of endothelial cells and basal lamina

Question 69

3 types of capillaries

Answer 69

Continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous

Question 70

Where are continuous capillaries found?

Answer 70

Muscle tissue, lung, CNS (have occluding junctions)

Question 71

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Answer 71

Intestinal villi, choroid plexus, renal slomeruli, endocrine organs (breaks are in the endothelial cells, not the basal lamina)

Question 72

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

Answer 72

Liver, spleen, bone marrow (gaps extend thru the basal lamina)

Question 73

Vein that does not have a tunica media

Answer 73

Postcapillary venule

Question 74

Principle site of emigration of WBC

Answer 74

Postcapillary venule

Question 75

Associated with high endothelial venules

Answer 75

postcapillary venule of the lymphatic organs

Question 76

Collect blood from postcapillary venules

Answer 76

Muscular venules

Question 77

What is unique about medium veins?

Answer 77

Tunica media is thnner than the adventitia

Question 78

What is well developed in large veins?

Answer 78

Tunica adventitia with longitudinally oriented smooth muscle

Question 79

Who has greater permability: lymphatic capillaries or blood capillaries?

Answer 79

Lymph