Histo Kindey Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
Major organs of the urinary system
A
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
2
Q
Major gross elements of the kidney
A
Capsule, hilum, calyces, renal pelvis, cortex, medulla
3
Q
Tissue of the capsule of the kidney
A
Dense, irregular connective tissue (collagen fibers, fibroblasts, myofibroblasts)
4
Q
Where the ureter, blood vesselsm and nevers enter and exit the kidney?
A
Hilum
5
Q
Lines the renal calyces and pelvis
A
Transitional epithelium
6
Q
Order of the flow of urine
A
Minor calyces, major calyces, renal pelvis, ureter
7
Q
External portion of the kidney body
A
Cortex
8
Q
Internal portion of the kidney body
A
Medulla
9
Q
Where does the majority of the blood pass thru in the kidney?
A
Cortex
10
Q
What do the convoluted tubules of the cortex?
A
Cortical labyrinth
11
Q
Radial rays in the cortex that form straight tubules and collecting ducts
A
Medullary rays
12
Q
Projections if the cortex b/t the pyramids of the medulla
A
Renal columns
13
Q
What do the tubules in the medulla form?
A
Pyramids
14
Q
Portion of the outer pyramids that consists mostly of thick tubules
A
Outer stripes
15
Q
Portion of the outer pyramids that constists of both thick and thin tubules
A
Inner stripes
16
Q
What does the inner medulla mainly consist of?
A
Thin tubules and collecting ducts
17
Q
Tip of the pyramid
A
Papilla
18
Q
What is the perforated plate on the tip of the papilla called?
A
Area cribrosa
19
Q
Functional unit of the kidney
A
Nephron
20
Q
2 parts of a nephron
A
Renal corpuscle and renal tubules
21
Q
Spherical structure whose major function is filtration of blood
A
Renal corpuscle
22
Q
Parts of the renal corpuscle
A
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
23
Q
Tissue of the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule
A
Simple squamous epithelium
24
Q
Forms the visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule
A
Podocytes (modified epithelial cells)
25
Parts oof podocytes
Primary processes, secondary processes (pedicels), cell body
26
What do the pedicles do to envelope the glomerular capillaries?
Interdigitation
27
Gaps b/t the interdigitating pedicles
Filtration slits
28
What is the slit diaphragm made of?
Negatively-charged barrier formed by the glycocalyx of the bases of the filtration slit
29
Space b/t the parietal and visceral layers of Bowman's capsule
Urinary space
30
Area of Bowman's capsule where the blood vessels enter and exit the corpuscle
Vascular pole
31
Area of Bowman's capsule where proximal convoluted tubule that drains the urinary space originates from
Urinary pole
32
Cluster of fenestrated capillaries
Glomerulus
33
What type of cells are at the ends of capillary loops/between the capillaries?
Mesangial cells
34
What is an unusual feature of the glomerular capillaries?
Fenestrations that do not have diaphragms
35
What do the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes form?
Single basal lamina
36
Functions of the mesangial cells
Regulation of glomerular blood flow (contraction) via angiotensin II, Structural support, phagocytosis
37
How does angiotension II affects the kidney?
Binds to mesangial cells to activate their contraction, thus reducing blood flow to the glomerulus.
38
Type of cells forming the proximal convoluted tubule
Large cuboidal cells with well-developed microvilli that form a BRUSH BORDER
39
What do mitochondria in the proximal convoluted tubules form?
Basal striations along the infoldings of the basement membrane
40
Significance of the mitochondria in the proximal convoluted tubules
Provide ATP for the ATPase ion pumps
41
Function of proximal convoluted tubules
Reabsorb amino acids, proteins, glucose, and ions; eliminates organic solutes, drugs, and toxins
42
Type of fluid leaving the proximal convoltued tubules
Isotonic to plasma
43
Structure after the proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of Henle (thick/thin descending, thin/thick ascending)
44
Cells in thick descending loop of Henle
Simple cuboidal epithelium
45
Where is the thick descending loop of Henle located in the kidney?
Outer stripe of the outer medulla
46
Cells in the thin descending loop of Henle
Simple squamous epithelium
47
What happens in the thin descending loop of Henle?
Water diffuses out, some NaCl and area enter the filtrate, so filtrate becomes hyperosmotic
48
Where is the thin descending loop of Henle typically found?
Inner stripe of the outer medulla (typically travel into the inner medulla)
49
Cells in the thin ascending loop of Henle
Simple squamous epithelium
50
What happens in the thin ascending loop of Henle?
Almost impermeable to water, but highly permeable for NaCl, so filtrate loses Cl- and Na+ to start to become hypoosmotic (hypotonic)
51
What happens to the interstitial medullary tissue around the thin ascending loop of Henle?
starts to become hyperosmotic
52
Where is the thin ascending loop typically found?
Inner medulla
53
Cells in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle?
Simple cuboidal epithelium
54
Another name for thick ascending limb
Distal straight tube
55
Main function of the thick ascending limb
Impermeable to water and urea, so mainly transports Na and Cl from the lumen into the interstitium
56
Epithelial cells of the thick ascending limb adjacent to the afferent arteriol forms what?
Macula densa
57
Cells in the distal convoluted tubules
Cuboidal cells WITHOUT a brush border, but does have prominent basal striations
58
Main function of the distal convoluted tubule
Reabsorbtion of Na, Cl, and HCO3 into the blood
59
Comes after the distal convoluted tubule
Collecting tubule
60
Cells of the collecting tubule
Simple cuboidal epithelium
61
Receive urine from nephrons
Collecting ducts
62
General Cells of the collecting ducts
simple cuboidal epithelium than gradually shifts into low columnar
63
Collecting ducts merge to form what?
Papillary ducts
64
Types of Collecting ducts
Cortical and medullary
65
2 types of cells in the collecting ducts
Principal cells and intercalated cells
66
Main type of cell lining the collecting duct
Principal cells (no infoldings)
67
Function of principal cells
Respond to vasopressin by opening water channels, so water is reabsorbed, thus decreasing the volume of urine and increasing urine concentration
68
Function of collecting duct cells
reabsorb Na and Cl, secrete K
69
Cells of the collecting duct that regulate pH of the urine by transporting H+ and HCO3- in/out of the tubule
Intercalated cells
70
2 major types of nephrons
Juxtamedullary nephrons and cortical nephrons
71
Nephons that have renal corpuscles in the inner portion of the cortex, close to the medulla
Juxtamedullary
72
Loops of Henle in the juxamedullary nephrons
Both descending and ascending thin segments
73
Nephrons that have renal corpuscles located closer to the capsule
Cortical
74
Loops of Henle in the cortical nephrons
Without the ascending thin segment, and don't extend into the inner medulla
75
Important in regulating blood pressure thru the production of renin
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
76
3 major components of juxtaglomerular apparatus
Juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa, extraglomerular mesangial cells
77
Formed by modified epithelium of the distal portion of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle
Macula densa
78
Major function of the macula densa
Sense Cl concentration in the tubule
79
Modified smooth muscle cells that exhibit secretory activity of renin
Juxtaglomerular cells
80
When do juxtaglomerular cells release renin?
Low BP
81
What is a result of renin release?
Angiotensin II and aldosterone production
82
Action of aldosterone
Stimulates electrogenic reabsorption of Na by principle cells in the collecting duct and angiotension II causing vasoconstriction (elevating the BP via increase in blood volume via water retention)
83
Cells located b/t the cleft b/t afferent and efferent arterioles and macula densa
Extraglomerular mesangial cells
84
Provides structural support and transmits signals from the macula densa to the juxtaglomerular cells
extraglomerular mesangial cells
85
Arterial supply to the kidney
Renal arteries, 5 segmental arteries, lobar arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, interlobular arteries, afferent arterioles, glomerulus, efferent arterioles
86
Arteries b/t the renal pyraminds to the corticomedullary junction
Interlobar ateries
87
Arteries running along the corticomedullary junction
Arcuate arteries
88
Arteries that run perpendicular to the arcuate arteries into the cortex
Interlobular arteries
89
Type of capillary bed that gives rise from the efferent arterioles of cortical nephrons
Peritubular capillaries
90
Type of capillary bed that gives rise from the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons
Vasa recta (Descending and ascending)
91
Purpose of the vasa recta
Helps to remove water from the medullary interstitial tissue to sustain the high osmolarity of the medullary interstitium
92
Where do the peritubular capillaries drain into?
Eitehr interlobular veins or stellate veins
93
Venous drainage from the stellate veins
Stellate veins, interlobular veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal vein
94
Lines the ureter
Transitional epithelium
95
3 layers of the ureter
Epithelium, muscularis, adventitia
96
What is different about the ureter muscularis?
Smooth muscle if organized into bundles, NOT sheets
97
Layers of the urinary bladder
Transitional epithelium, muscularis, serosa (upper), adventia (lower)
98
Muscle of the urinary bladder
Detrusor
99
Common epithelial malignant tumor
Transitional cell carcinoma
100
Make up of the urethra
Fibromusclar
101
Segments of the male urethra
Prostatic, membranous, penile
102
Where do the ejaculatory ducts open into?
Prostatic urethra
103
Cells that line the membranous urethra
Pseudostratified or stratified columnar epithelium
104
Cells that line the penile urethra
Pseudostratified then keratinized stratified squamous
105
Outpouching of mucosal epithelium along the uretra
Urethral glands (secrete mucus)
