Histology

Question 1

Functions of epithelial tissue

Answer 1

Absorption, secretion, filtration, sensory reception, protection and excretion

Question 2

Classes of connective tissue

Answer 2

Bone, blood, cartilage and connective tissue proper

Question 3

Fibres in connective tissue

Answer 3

Reticular, collagen and elastic

Question 4

Epithelium of the skin

Answer 4

Epidermis

Question 5

Forms of epithelial tissue

Answer 5

Glandular and lining/covering

Question 6

4 basic types of tissue

Answer 6

Muscle, nervous, connective and epithelium

Question 7

Epithelial tissue is vascular (true/false)

Answer 7

False

Question 8

Epithelial tissue is innervated (true/false)

Answer 8

True

Question 9

Connective tissue consists of (very generally)

Answer 9

Ground substance, fibres and cells

Question 10

Name of epithelia with a single cell layer

Answer 10

Simple

Question 11

Name of epithelia with multiple cell layers

Answer 11

Stratified

Question 12

Immature form of connective tissue cells

Answer 12

• blast (e.g. fibroblast; chondroblast)

Question 13

Mature form of connective tissue cells

Answer 13

• cyte (e.g. fibrocyte; chondrocyte)

Question 14

Short, fine fibres that form delicate networks that surround small blood vessels and support the soft tissue of organs

Answer 14

Reticular fibres

Question 15

Long, thin fibres that are able to stretch to snap connective tissue to its normal shape

Answer 15

Elastic fibres

Question 16

Tough fibres with high tensile strength

Answer 16

Collagen fibres

Question 17

Common embryonic tissue from which all mature connective tissue arises

Answer 17

Mesenchyme

Question 18

Subclasses of connective tissue proper

Answer 18

Loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue

Question 19

Cells found in connective tissue proper

Answer 19

Fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defence cells and adipocytes

Question 20

Cells found in cartilage

Answer 20

Chondroblasts (in growing cartilage) and chondrocytes (mature cartilage cells)

Question 21

Subclasses of cartilage

Answer 21

Hyaline, fibrous and elastic

Question 22

Subclasses of bone

Answer 22

Compact (cortical) and spongy (cancellous/trabecular)

Question 23

Cells found in bone

Answer 23

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

Question 24

Cells found in blood

Answer 24

Red blood cells, white blood cells and platlets

Question 25

Describe the extracellular matrix (fibres and ground substance) of connective tissue proper

Answer 25

Gel-like ground substance | All 3 fibres (resists tension)

Question 26

Describe the extracellular matrix (fibres and ground substance) of cartilage

Answer 26

Gel-like ground substance (large amounts of water to resist compression) Collagen fibres and elastic fibres in some

Question 27

Describe the extracellular matrix (fibres and ground substance) of bone

Answer 27

Gel-like ground substance that is calcified (hard tissue that resists tension and compression) Collagen fibres

Question 28

Describe the extracellular matrix (fibres and ground substance) of blood

Answer 28

Ground substance = plasma (fluid tissue) | No fibres

Question 29

Subclasses of loose connective tissue

Answer 29

Areolar, adipose and reticular

Question 30

Subclasses of dense (fibrous) connective tissue

Answer 30

Regular, irregular and elastic

Question 31

Characteristics of loose connective tissue

Answer 31

Supports epithelial tissue Open maze structure Fills the spaces between organs

Question 32

Cells found in loose connective tissue - areolar

Answer 32

Fibroblasts + Macrophages + Mast cells -

Question 33

What are mast cells?

Answer 33

Cells that detect foreign microorganisms and initiate local inflammatory response

Question 34

What are adipocytes?

Answer 34

Cells which store energy as fat

Question 35

What are macrophages?

Answer 35

Cells that engulf and dispose of foreign materials

Question 36

Describe areolar connective tissue

Answer 36

Loose arrangement of fibres Wraps and cushions organs (under epithelia) Contains large quantities of water and salts (tissue fluid) Viscous ground substance Important role in inflammation

Question 37

Describe adipose connective tissue

Answer 37

``` Sparse matrix Closely packed adipocytes Fuel source Insulation Under subcutaneous tissue, in breasts and around kidneys, eyeballs and abdomen ```

Question 38

Describe reticular connective tissue

Answer 38

Loose network of reticular fibres Contains reticular cells (fibroblasts) Supports many free blood cells Found in lymphoid organs (lymph nods, bone marrow and spleen)

Question 39

Loose connective tissue is vascular (true/false)

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Loose connective tissue is innervated (true/false)

Answer 40

True

Question 41

What are fibroblasts and fibrocytes?

Answer 41

Cells that secrete matrix proteins

Question 42

Where is dense regular connective tissue found?

Answer 42

Tendons, ligaments and aponeuroses

Question 43

Where is dense irregular connective tissue found?

Answer 43

Fibrous joint and organ capsules | Dermis (skin)

Question 44

Flat, sheet-like tendons that connect attach muscles to other muscles or to bones

Answer 44

Aponeuroses

Question 45

Bind bones to bones

Answer 45

Ligaments (more elastic fibres than tendons)

Question 46

Dense connective tissue that contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibres that run parallel to the direction of pull

Answer 46

Dense regular connective tissue

Question 47

Dense connective tissue that contains closely packed bundles of collagen fibres that run in all directions

Answer 47

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 48

The bundles of collagen fibres in dense regular connective tissue are thicker than those in dense irregular connective tissue (true/false)

Answer 48

False (dense irregular = thicker)

Question 49

The bundles of collagen fibres in dense regular connective tissue are thicker than those in dense irregular connective tissue (true/false)

Answer 49

False (dense irregular = thicker)

Question 50

What is elastic connective tissue?

Answer 50

The dense regular connective tissue found in certain ligaments that are very elastic (e.g. ligaments connecting adjacent vertebrae and in walls of large arteries)

Question 51

Cartilage is avascular (true/false)

Answer 51

True

Question 52

Cartilage is innervated (true/false)

Answer 52

False

Question 53

Cavities where small groups of chondrocytes are found in cartilage

Answer 53

Lacunae

Question 54

Actively growing regions near the ends of long bones consisting of hyaline cartilage

Answer 54

Epiphyseal plates

Question 55

Cartilage found in the external ear and epiglottis

Answer 55

Elastic

Question 56

Cartilage that connects rib 1 to the sternum

Answer 56

Hyaline

Question 57

Cartilage found in the tip of the nose and covering joint surfaces

Answer 57

Hyaline

Question 58

Cartilage making up intervertebral discs

Answer 58

Fibrocartilage

Question 59

Cartilage making up symphysis

Answer 59

Fibrocartilage

Question 60

Cartilage making up a meniscus

Answer 60

Fibrocartilage

Question 61

The matrix of fibrocartilage is less firm than in hyaline cartilage (true/false)

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Describe the matrix of bone

Answer 62

Collagen fibres with calcified salts in layers

Question 63

Layer of connective tissue that covers most bones

Answer 63

Periosteum (inner + outer layer)

Question 64

Small channels in bone that transmit blood vessels from the periosteum into the bone

Answer 64

Volkmann's canal (run into Haversian canal)

Question 65

Central channel containing nerves and blood vessels that supply a bone

Answer 65

Haversian canal

Question 66

Central cavity of bone shafts where red bone marrow and/or yellow bone marrow (adipose tissue) is stored

Answer 66

Medullary cavity

Question 67

Spongy bone contains

Answer 67

Trabeculae

Question 68

The layer of vascular connective tissue lining the medullary cavities of bone

Answer 68

Endosteum