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Z Year 3 Misc > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What are neutrophils associated with?

A

acute inflammation

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2
Q

What a e nuceli like for neutrophils?

A

multi-lobed nuclei

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3
Q

What are lymphocytes associated with?

A

chronic inflammation (or could be lymphomas)

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4
Q

How much cytoplasm is in lymphocytes?

A

small cytoplasm

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5
Q

What do eosinophils look like?

A

red granules

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6
Q

What are eosinophils associated with?

A
  1. allergic reactions
  2. parasitic infections
  3. tumours e.g. Hodgkin’s disease
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7
Q

When could you have eosinophilic oesophagitis?

A

due to allergic reaction to food

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8
Q

What do mast cells contain?

A

Lots of granules

e.g. otacharia

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9
Q

What type of reaction are mast cells associated with?

A

type 1 hypersensitivity

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10
Q

What type of cells are macrophages?

A

phagocytic cells

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11
Q

What are macrophages associated with?

A
  1. late acute inflammation

2. chronic inflammation (including granulomas)

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12
Q

What are granulomas?

A

organised collection of activated macrophages

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13
Q

What is at the centre of granulomas?

A

giant cell (lots of nuclei)

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14
Q

What are granulomas associated with?

A

type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

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15
Q

What does the ziehl-neelson stain do?

A

reveals presence of acid fast bacteria

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16
Q

What are different types of tumours?

A
  1. Carcinomas
  2. Sarcomas
  3. Lymphoma
  4. Melanoma
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17
Q

What is a carcinoma?

A

malignant neoplasm of epithelial tissue

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18
Q

What is a sarcoma?

A

malignant tumour of connective tissue

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19
Q

What is a lymphoma?

A

malignant tumour of lymphoma (not benign)

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20
Q

What is a melanoma?

A

malignant tumour of melanocytes

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21
Q

What are types of carcinoma?

A
  • squamous cell carcinoma
  • adenocarcinoma
  • transitional cell carcinoma
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22
Q

What production is squamous cell carcinoma associated with?

A
  1. keratin production
  2. produce intercellular bridges
  3. as they differentiate more they produce less keratin and less intercellular bridges
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23
Q

What do adenocarcinomas arise from?

A

glandular tissue

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24
Q

What production is adenocarcinomas associated with?

A
  • mucin production

- form glands

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25
Q

How can you tell the type of tumour?

A
  • pink stuff is keratin so it is squamous cell carcinoma

- forming a gland so it is a adenocarcinoma and mucin stain on it

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26
Q

What are sites of origin of squamous cancer?

A
  1. skin
  2. head and neck
  3. oesophagus
  4. anus
  5. cervix
  6. vagina
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27
Q

What stain is used in grandular eputhelium?

A

mucin stain (blue is mucin)

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28
Q

What are the sites of origin of adenocarcinomas?

A
  1. Lung
  2. Breast
  3. Stomach
  4. Colon
  5. Pancreas
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29
Q

What are the signs of a malignant melanoma?

A
  1. irregular
  2. nodular
  3. no sharp defined edges
  4. may bleed
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30
Q

What is the tumour histology in malignant melanoma?

A

brown pigment (malignant melanomas make melanin)

31
Q

What stain can be used for melanin?

A

fontana

32
Q

What are the two different types of stains?

A
  1. Histochemical

2. Immunohistochemical (antigens)

33
Q

How do histochemical stains work?

A
  1. Based on the chemical reaction between the stain and a specific component of the tissue
  2. The product of this reaction has a specific colour or other property which can be identified
34
Q

Why may you do a histochemical stain?

A
  • high power microscopic view of liver
  • cirrhotic patient
  • nodules of liver cells, surrounded by fibrous tissue
  • Lots of brown pigment - so do histochemical stain (an confirms iron rather than melanin for example
35
Q

What stain is from haemochromatosis?

A

prussian blue iron stain positive

36
Q

What stain may you do in glomerulus?

A

Thickened pink areas and do congo red stain to see cause and if positive confirms pink stuff is amyloid (can cause nephrotic syndrome)

37
Q

What stain is done for amyloid?

A

congo red positive

38
Q

How does amyloid show up with polarising?

A

apple green birefringence

39
Q

How do immunohistochemical stains work?

A
  1. Based on using an antibody specific to an antigen in the tissue
  2. Need a detection system to make this binding visible
    - Two antigen A and B
    - Antibody binds to anti-antigen and marker system
40
Q

How can you tell the type of tumour?

A
  • Impossible to know, no keratin formation or gland formation or mucin or cellular bridges
  • Stain tumour with epithelial marker: and brown is positive
41
Q

What epithelial marker is used?

A

cytokeratin and brown is positive so would be carcinoma

42
Q

What is a lymphoid marker?

A

CD45 (brown is positive)

43
Q

What stains may you use to find out primary for liver metastasis?

A

Stain with CK7 and it is negative (brown parts are normal bile duct and liver)

44
Q

What would CK20 + and CK7 - mean?

A

colorectal cancer

45
Q

Can you use stains for infections and how?

A
  • yes
  • some cells have multiple nuclei and pale centres which is characteristic of herpes simplex but also want to check it is not chickenpox so do imunochemistry with antibody for the herpes simplex and brown so positive:
46
Q

What is a teratoma?

A

type of germ cell tumour

47
Q

What tissue can teratoma contain?

A
  • any of the 3 layers of embryo:
    1. ectoderm: skin
    2. mesoderm: connective tissue
    3. endoderm: gut
48
Q

Do teratomas always have all 3 layers of embryo?

A

any of the 3 layers of embryo:

  • ectoderm: skin
  • mesoderm: connective tissue
  • endoderm: gut
49
Q

Where are teratomas found?

A

ovaries and testes (gonads)

50
Q

What does squamous epithelium make?

A

keratin

51
Q

What tumours can come from surface epithelium of ovary?

A
  1. Serous
  2. Mucinous
  3. Endometriod
  4. Clear cell
  5. Brenner
  6. Mixed epithelial
  7. Undifferentated
  8. Mixed mullerian
52
Q

What tumours arise from sex cord/stroma of ovary?

A
  1. Granulosa/theca celll tumours
  2. Fibroma
  3. Androblastoma
  4. Gonadoblastoma
53
Q

What tumours arise from germ cells?

A
  1. teratoma
  2. dysgerminoma
  3. yolk sac tumour
  4. choriocarcinoma
54
Q

What are types of somatic testicular germ cell tumours?

A

teratoma (mature or immature)

55
Q

What are types of embryonic testicular germ cell tumours?

A

embryonal carcinoma (EC)

56
Q

What are types of extra-embryonic testicular germ cell tumours?

A
  1. Yolk sac tumour

2. Choriocarcinoma

57
Q

What are types of non differentiation germinal state c testicular germ cell tumours?

A
  1. Seminoma (testis)
  2. Dysgerminoma (ovary)
  3. Germinoma (extragonadal)
58
Q

What is worse mature or immature?

A

immature: more aggressive, more malignant

59
Q

What is the difference between ovarian and testicular teratomas?

A
  1. More common in ovary than testis
  2. In ovary: almost always “benign” - mature
  3. In testis: almost always “malignant”
  4. Incidence of testicular tumours is rapidly increasing
60
Q

What is a dermoid cyst?

A

mature cystic teratoma

61
Q

When are dermoid cysts common?

A

women

62
Q

Why do teratomas happen?

A

occur from germ cells which have been left behind during embryonic migration from the posterior dorsal ridges

63
Q

What areas are teratomas found in?

A
  • outside the gonads usually in the middle of the body:
    1. pineal
    2. base of skull
    3. mediastinum
    4. retroperitoneum
    5. sacro-coccygeal area
  • midline
64
Q

What are 3 different types of teratomas?

A
  1. immature
  2. mature
  3. monodermal
65
Q

What are two different types of mature teratoma?

A
  1. mature solid teratoma

2. monodermal cystic teratoma (dermoid)

66
Q

How are teratomas graded?

A

1-3

67
Q

Where are neuro-endocrine tumours found?

A
  • present every part of body

- more common in GI tract

68
Q

What are the immunohistochemical markers for neuroendcrine cells?

A
  1. Chromogranin
  2. Synaptophysin
  3. CD56
69
Q

What hormones are involved in neuroendcrine cells?

A

gastrin, seretonin, insulin etc

70
Q

What is needed for neuroendocine tumour?

A

anywhere with glandular epithelium

71
Q

What is a common sit for neuroendcorine tumours?

A

appendix

72
Q

What is a immunohistochemical marker that stains proliferating cells?

A

Ki-67 and Higher Ki-67 the higher the rate of proliferating cells

73
Q

What syndromes are assoicted with hypersecretion of hormones and which ones?

A
  1. Zollinger-Ellison: gastrin (increased acid production so lots of peptic ulcers)
  2. Carcinoid: serotonin
  3. Hypoglycaemia: insulin
74
Q

What is the triad of SEZ?

A
  1. pancreatic or duodenal tumours
  2. peptic ulcers
  3. gastric hypersecrertion

Z Year 3 Misc (11 decks)

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