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Z Year 3 Misc > CCC - Neuro > Flashcards

CCC - Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

What anatomy can be affected in a neurological lesion?

A
  1. Brain
  2. Spinal Cord
  3. Nerve roots
  4. Peripheral nerve(s)
  5. Neuromuscular junction
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2
Q

What is the possible pathology of a neurological lesion?

A
  1. Vascular
  2. Infection
  3. Inflammation/Autoimmune
  4. Toxic/Metabolic
  5. Tumour/Malignancy
  6. Hereditary/congential
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3
Q

How do you test CNI?

A

sense of smell

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4
Q

How do you test CNII?

A
  1. VA
  2. VF
  3. pupils
  4. fundoscopy
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5
Q

How do you test CNIII, IV, VI?

A

diplopia

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6
Q

How do you test CNV?

A

sensation, corneal reflex

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7
Q

How do you test CNVII?

A

facial palsy

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8
Q

How do you test CNVIII?

A

hearing

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9
Q

How do you test cranial nerve IX, X?

A

speech, swallowing

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10
Q

How do you test CNXI?

A

sternocloidmastoid, trapezius

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11
Q

How do you test CNXII?

A

tongue muscle

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12
Q

How do you test upper and lower limbs?

A
  1. Inspection
  2. Tone
  3. Power
  4. Reflex
  5. Coordination
  6. Sensation
  7. Gait
  8. Back
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13
Q

What are UMN signs?

A
  1. Increased tone (spasticity)
  2. Decreased power
  3. Increased reflexes (increase plantar)
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14
Q

What are LMN signs?

A
  1. decreased tone (flaccid)
  2. decreased power
  3. decreased reflexes
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15
Q

If the problem is everywhere across body where might the lesion be?

A

NMJ

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16
Q

What anatomy is affected when there is hemisensory loss (reduced sensation contralateral)?

A

cerebral cortex

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17
Q

What anatomy is affected when there us sensory loss at a certain level (e.g. umbbilicus)?

A

spinal cord

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18
Q

What anatomy is affected when there is sensory loss in a dermatome(s)?

A

nerve root (radiculopathy)

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19
Q

What anatomy is affected when there is sensory loss in a specific area?

A

mononeuropathy

20
Q

What anatomy is affected in glove and stocking distributions sensory loss?

A

polyneuropathy

21
Q

What are cerbellar signs of coordination?

A
  1. Ataxia
  2. Nystagmus
  3. Dysdiadochokinesia
  4. Intention tremor
  5. Speech: slurred, scanning
22
Q

What would you prescribe if glove and stocking distribution sensory loss?

A

duloxetine

23
Q

What are toxic metabolic causes and clues for peipheral neuropathy?

A
  1. Drugs: Hx
  2. Alcohol: Hx + high GGT and MCV
  3. B12 deficiency: Anaemia + high MCV
  4. Diabetes: history, glucose/HbA1c
  5. Hypothyroidism: TFTs
  6. Uraemia: U+Es
  7. amyloidosis: history of myeloma or chronic infection/inflammation
24
Q

What are infection causes of peripheral neuropathy?

25
What are inflammatory/autoimmune causes of peripheral neuropathy?
1. vasculitis 2. CTD 3. Inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy
26
What are the tumour/malignancy causes of peripheral neuropathy?
1. paraneoplastic | 2. paraproteinaemia
27
What are the hereditary causes of peripheral neuropathy?
1. hereditary sensory motor neuropathy (e.g. pescavus)
28
When might there be amurosis fugax?
sudden loss
29
What is anterior uveitis?
painful red eye
30
When may there be papilloedema?
raised ICP - blind stop might be different, enlarged blind spots
31
What is papillitis (optic neuritis)?
1. blurred optic disc margins 2. blurred vision 3. pain on eye movement - Optic nerve affected
32
When would there be vitreous haemorrhage?
sudden loss
33
What are possible causes of spastic paraparesis?
1. Vascular 2. Infection 3. Inflammation (demyelination) - traverse myelitis 4. Toxic/metabolic 5. Tumour/malignancy
34
How can you diagnose MS?
1. Two lesions | 2. Separated in time and space
35
What is the effect if the lesion is in the cortex?
contralateral weakness
36
What is meralgia paraesthetica?
compression of lateral cutaneous nerve
37
How do you treat meralgia paraesthetica?
1. reassure 2. avoid tight garments 3. lose weight - if perisitent 4. carbamazepine 5. gabapentin
38
What is radiculopathy?
disease of nerve roots
39
What is the compression caused by?
1. disc herniation | 2. spinal canal stenosis
40
What is the pathophysiology of parkinsons?
loss dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra
41
What are the features of parkinson's disease?
1. tremor 2. rigidity 3. bradykinesia
42
What are the features of PSP?
1. Parkinsonian features | 2. Upgaze abnoramlity
43
What are the features of lewy body dementia?
1. features of alzheimer's disease 2. Parkinson's 3. hallucinations
44
What are DDx of apparent confusion/reduced AMTS?
1. Post-ictal: Hx of seizures? 2. Dysphasia (receptive or expressive): any other features of stroke/TIA? 3. Dementia 4. Depressive pseudodementia: elderly, withdrawn, poor eye contact, precipitating factors (e.g. berevaement)
45
What are different types of dementia that can cause apparent confusion / reduced AMTS?
1. vascular (multi-infarct): history of IHD/PVD 2. alcoholic: signs of excess alcohol 3. alzehimers 4. inherited e.g. Huntington's disease: other features of HD

Z Year 3 Misc (11 decks)

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