Histology Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
tissue level
A
groups of similar cells and extracellular products that carry out a common function
2
Q
histology
A
study of normal tissue
3
Q
pathology
A
study of diseased tissue
4
Q
extracellular matrix
A
non living material that cells secrete, surrounds,m and binds cells composition: liquid “plasma” semisolid “cartilage” solid “bone”
5
Q
4 basic tissues
A
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
6
Q
epithelial tissue
A
covers body surface, lines body cavities lumens and glands form
epi= upon; thelium= to cover
7
Q
connective tissue (C.T.)
A
bind, supports and protects body parts
8
Q
location of epithelial tissue
A
covers the bodys surface, is part of the serous membranes that line body cavities, lines the lumen of tubes and ducts and forms glands
(one side exposed to a body cavity, lumen, skin)
9
Q
polarity of epithelial tissue
A
apical surface, lateral surface, basement membrane and basal surface
10
Q
apical surface
A
faces lumen
11
Q
lateral surface
A
sides
12
Q
basal surface
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part connected to C.T.
13
Q
basement membrane
A
connect epithelial tissue to connective; acts as a filter
14
Q
cellularity of epithelial tissue
A
the cells are tightly packed, have specific types of junctions, and have very little extracellular matrix
15
Q
intercellular junctions
A
between epithelial cells
- tight junction
- adhering junction
- desmosome
- gap junction
16
Q
tight junction
A
close to apilical border; border around lateral sides to prevent material from going between cells
17
Q
adhering junction
A
strengthen material going through cells
18
Q
gap junction
A
electrical junction, cells can communicate rapidly
19
Q
attachment of epithelial tissue
A
basal surface is attached to C.T. by a thin membrane
parts of it are made by epithelium and parts by C.T.
it anchors epithelium, strengthens the attachment to the C.T.
forms a selective molecular barrier to regulate the movement of large molecules between the epithelium and C.T.
20
Q
Avascular
A
doesnt have blood vessels, have to get nourishment from C.T. below it
21
Q
high regeneration (mitotic) capacity
A
divide rapidly epithelial tissue regenerates
22
Q
functions of epithelial tissue
A
physical protection, selectively permeability, secretions, and sensations
23
Q
physical protection
A
epithelium, compartmentalize, control, permeability (must cross abs filtr diffusion)
24
Q
classification of epithelial tissue
number of cell layers
A
simple, stratified, and pseudostratified
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simple
has a single layer, every cell in contact with basement membrane
function: filtration, diffusion, osmosis
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stratified
more than one layer
| function; protection (anus, vagina, oral cavity)
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pseudostratified
false, every cell in contact with basement membrane
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classification of epithelial tissue
| cell shape at apical surface
squamous, cuboid, columnar, and transitional
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squamous
very thin, all capillaries
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cuboid
square cell, in center
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columnar
tall cells
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specializations on apical surface of epithelial tissue
microvilli, cilia, stereocilia, and metaplasia
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microvilli
tiny, cytoplasmic projections on the apical surface. the function of microvilli (brush border) is to increase the surface area for secretion and absorption through the apical surface
ex) digestive tract
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cilia
hair like projections on the apical surface that move substances across the apical surface
ex) in uterine tubes and respiratory tract
35
stereocilia
are long, stiff microvilli on hair cells of the inner ear for equilibrium and hearing
36
metaplasia
changing from one cell type to another
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types of epithelium
simple squamous, simple cuboid, simple columnar, stratified squamous, pseudostratified, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and transitional
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simple squamous
single thin layer of flat cells. the function is for diffusion, osmosis and filtration. it has different names in different places (alveoli and lungs)
- endothelium
- mesothelium
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endothelium
lines the inside of the heart chambers (aka endocardium), lines the inside of blood and lymphatic vessels and is the capillary wall
40
mesothelium
part of the serous membranes that line the ventral body cavity and the organs in those cavities: pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
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simple cuboidal
single layer of cells as wide as they are tall. the function is to absorption and secretion. simple cuboid lines small ducts and tubes.
ex) much of nephron tubules for reabsorption of glucose, ions, and water
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simple columnar
single layer of tall, narrow cells (lines stomach)
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2 types of single columnar cells
nonciluiated simple columnar and cilitaed simple columnar
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nonciliated simple columnar
usually has microvilli for increased surface area for absorption. lines most of the G.I tract (stomach to anal canal)
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ciliated simple columnar
cilia move something across the apical membrane
| ex. lines the lumen of the uterine tube and also the bronchioles
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stratified squamous
mutliple layers with apical layer squamous
| function: protection of underlying tissues
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2 types of stratified squamous
nonkeratinized stratified squamous and keratinized stratified squamous
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nonkeratinized stratified squamous
lines the tubes that enter or leave the body: oral cavity, part of the pharynx, esophagus, vagina, and anus
the cells remian alive to the apical surface and are kept moist by saliva or mucus
49
keratinized stratified squamous
the apical is composed of layers of cells that are dead; these cells lack nuclei and are filled with the protein keratin. keratin strengthens the cells. this type of epithelium is found in the epidermis (outer layer of skin)
- large ducts in exocrine glands, parts of urethra
50
stratified cuboidal
found in larger ducts of sweat and salivary glands (protection, secretion)
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stratified columnar
rare, membranous male urethra and some very large salivary ducts (PNS)
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Pseudostratified columnar
lining of nasal cavity
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2 types of pseudostratified columnar
pseudostratified ciliated columnar and nonciliated pseudostratified columnar
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pseudostrratified ciliated columnar
aka respiratory epithelium
it lines the nasal cavity, part of the pharynx, larynx, trachea, and bronchi
it works with goblet cells (which produce mucus) to help clean the respiratory tract of dust particles and foreign materials
- protects
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nonciliated pseudostratified columnar
rare part of the male urethra and epididymis (lack cilia and goblet)
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transitional
allows for strecthing and change shape depending on whether it is relaxed or stretched
it contains a few binucleated cells. it is found in the ureters, urinary bladder and the proximal part of the urethra
57
Glands
specialized secretory structures
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2 types of glands
endocrine and exocrine glands
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endocrine glands
do not have ducts
they secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the bloodstream. the hormones are carried by the blood to their target organs
60
exocrine glands
have ducts
an epithelial-lined tube through which the secretions of the gland are discharged
ex. sweat glands, mammary glands, digestive enzymes from the pancreas and saliva from salivary glands (pancriatic duct- small intestine)
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structure of exocrine glands
unicellular: ex goblet cell, secretes mucin to surface (find in respiratory system)
multicellular: acini (secretory portion) and ducts
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classification of exocrine glands
form and structure (anatomic)
secretion types: serous, mucous, mixed
secretion methods
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secretion methods of exocrine glands
merocrine, holocrine, and apocrine
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merocrine
exocytosis: lacrimal, salaviary sweat, exocrine glands of pancreas and gastric glands of stomach)
thin watery secretion
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holocrine
entire cell (is left off)
ex sebaceous glands
whole thing secreted, pubic area cyst
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apocrine
a part of the cell is pinched off
| ex mammary glands
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Connective tissue (C.T.)
the glue that binds body structures together.
made of cells, protein fibers and ground substance- (space matrix, lots)
highly vascular except for cartilage
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cells of C.T.
C.T. "proper" contains fibroblasts (main cell), fat contains adipocytes, cartilage contains chondrocytes and bone contains osteocytes
-makes fiber, found in matrix
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protein fibers of C.T.
collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
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collagen fibers
white fibers, find tendons and ligaments (flexible and strong)
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elastic fibers
find in major arteries
| wall of arteries to be able to stand; trachea, larynx, brochial tubes, between verterbral arches
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reticular fibers
find in spleen, liver, lymphnodes, phagocytes cells, and bone marrow
intervenes framework, network (spiders web)
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ground substance
- non-living material produced by the C.T. cells
- consists of protein and carbohydrate molecules variable amounts of h20
- can be solid (bone), semisolid (cartilage), or viscous (blood/plasma watery)
- plus protein fibers form the extracellular matrix
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what resides within ground substance?
-both cells and protein fibers reside within this
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dense regular collagen
strength in 1 direction
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dense irregular collagen
strength in different directions/ dermis of the skin
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functions of protein fibers
physical protection, support and structural framework, binding structures, storage, transport, and immune protection
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physical protection
ex bones- cranial vault (brain) and thoracic cage (lungs and heart), fat can act as a cushion (kidney, eye)
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support and strucutral framework
bones provide framework for the body.
cartilage supports the trachea, bronchi, ears, and nose.
C.T. sheets form capsules for the spleen and kidneys
bronchi- keep bronchial tree open so doesnt calapse
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binding structures
ligaments bind bone to bone, tendons bind muscle to muscle.
| dense irregular C.T. binds skin to underlying muscle and bone
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storage
fat is the major store of energy. bone is a large reservoir for calcium and phosphorus
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transport
blood carries nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, and blood cells
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immune protection
many types of C.T. contain leukocytes (WBC) which protect the body against disease and mount an immune response when the body is exposed to something foreign
84
development of C.T.
develops from mesoderm
main embryonic C.T. is mesenchyme (stem cells- connect fibers proper)
the source for all other C.T..
the stem of cells that support the repair of tissues
(fine immature protein fibers supports and repairs)
85
classification of C.T.
C.T. proper, loose C.T., and dense C.T.
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C.T. proper
ct that exhibit a variable mixture of ct cell types and extracellular protein fibers suspended from viscous ground substance
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loose C.T.
fewer fibers, more ground substance
| supports and surround blood vessels and nerves, medium for diff
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dense C.T.
more protein fibers and less ground substance
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types of loose C.T.
areolar C.T., adipose C.T., and reticular C.T.
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areolar C.T.
least specialized
found nearly everywhere- surrounds nerves, blood vessels and muscle cells
major part of the subcutaneous layer deep to the skin
91
adipose C.T.
fat, serves as packing around structures that provides padding, cushion shocks
acts as an insulator to slow heat loss and is the primary energy store for the body
- store lipids (energy), protects and insulates to slow heat process (nucleus inside)
92
reticular C.T.
contains a meshwork of reticular fibers, fibroblasts and leukocytes
forms the stroma of many lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and bone marrow)
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types of dense C.T.
dense regular C.T., dense irregular C.T., and elastic C.T.
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dense regular C.T.
made of collagen fibers packed tightly and aligned parallel to a line of force
ex tendons and ligaments (they are slow healing bc they have few blood vessels)
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dense irregular C.T.
individual bundles of collagen fibers extend in all directions so it provides resistance to stress in multiple directions
ex. deep portion of the dermis, perichondrium (supports cartilage) and periosteum (around bone)
96
elastic C.T.
elastic fibers provide resilience and the ability to deform and then return to normal shape
ex. vocal cords
97
cartilage
avascular
tissue with semisolid matrix, chondrocytes supports and protects
precursor for some bones
articular surface on bones of movable joints
98
types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
99
hyaline
```
most common type, found at all joints
articular cartilage (bones attach to other bones)
covers articular surface of bones, trachea, bronchi, nose, costal cartilage, most bones
```
100
hyaline and arthritis
something goes wrong with cartilage
| - teflon dont want bones to rub against each other
101
Rib cage questions
what type of cartilage: hyaline
| where location: costal cartilage
102
fibrocartilage
intervertebral discs, pubis symphsis, knee (lateral)
103
elastic cartilage
ear, part of larynx epiglottis (trachea)
| dorsal and central body cavity
