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LECOM MS1 Histology > Histology 2 (Exam 1) > Flashcards

Histology 2 (Exam 1) Flashcards

(102 cards)

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1
Q

What is the rER continuous with

A

nuclear envelope

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2
Q

What type of cells will have highly developed rER

A

secretory cells:

osteoblasts and glandular cells

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3
Q

What is the function of the rER

A

involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane proteins

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4
Q

What are ribosomes composed of

A

proteins and rRNA

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5
Q

Where are ribosomes found

A

can be free in the cytoplasm or membrane bound to rER

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6
Q

What is the function of ribosomes

A

involved in protein synthesis

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7
Q

What are the functions of the sER

A

lipid metabolism
detoxification
steroid synthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of sER in skeletal muscle

A

Ca2+ storage

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9
Q

What are sER in skeletal muscle called

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum

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10
Q

How might sER change in the liver of a patient on drugs or alcohol

A

more sER in liver

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11
Q

What is the function of the inner membrane of mitochondria

A

increased surface area of inner membrane increases integral membrane proteins

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12
Q

Where are mitochondrial proteins produced

A

imported from host cell

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13
Q

List nonliving inclusions that can be found within the cells

A

secretory granules
stored energy (glycogen and fat)
pigments (hemoglobin and melanin)
crystals (sertoli and leydig cells)

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14
Q

What are the main components of the cytoskeleton

A

microtubules
actin
intermediate filaments

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15
Q

What is the function of microtubules in the cytoskeleton

A

transport and movement

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16
Q

What is the function of actin in the cytoskeleton

A

membrane structure and motility

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17
Q

WHat is the thinnest filament

A

actin

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18
Q

What is the function of intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton

A

mechanical strength

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19
Q

What is the structure of microtubules

A

gamma tubulin ring with alternating alpha and beta tubulin molecules bound to GTP/GDP

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20
Q

What are the ends on a microtubule

A 
growing end (+)
non growing end (-)
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21
Q

What cell processes are microtubules involved in

A

cell division: alignment/separation of chromosomes during cell division
vesicular transport
movement of cilia/flagella

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22
Q

Which end of microtubules will be in contact with gamma tubulin

A
  • end
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23
Q

What proteins are involved in transport along microtubules

A

dyneins and kinesins

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24
Q

What is the role of dyneins

A

motor proteins that move towards the - end of microtubule

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25
What is the role of kinesin in transport
motor proteins that move towards the + end of microtubules
26
What is the role of centrosomes
Align mitotic spindle during cell division
27
What are basal bodies
basal bodies are at the base of each flagellum and cilium and organize their development (microtubule organizing center)
28
What is the structure of a centriole
9 triplets of microtubules arranged in a circle
29
What is at the center of a basal body
centrioles | 2 at 90 degrees
30
What is a centrosome
2 centrioles paired at 90 degrees
31
What causes Kartagener's syndrome
immobilization of cilia
32
What are symptoms of Karagener's syndrome
infertility and respiratory infections
33
What structure does the chemotherapy agent Taxol affect
microtubules
34
How does Taxol affect microtubules
prevents depolymeration
35
How does Taxol have an effect on cancer
prevents separation of sister chromatids and thus halts cell division
36
What structures do Vinblastine and Vincristine affect
Microtubules
37
How does Vinblastine and Vincristine affect microtubules
inhibits formation of mitotic spindle for cell division
38
What are vinblastine and vincristine used for
chemotherapy
39
What are cilia composed of
microtubules
40
How does actin assemble
spontaneously without a gamma ring
41
At what end will depolymerization and polymerization occur on actin
+ end= polymerization | - end = depolymerization
42
What are the functions of actin filaments
``` cell shape and structure form microvilli anchorage and movement extension of cell processes locomotion ```
43
Where is phalloidin found
poisonous mushrooms
44
What are the effects of phalloidin
prevents depolymerization of actin by binding to F-acin
45
How does phalloidin change actins structure
makes it longer and stable
46
What is the effects of cytochalasin B and D
Prevents polymerization of actin
47
How does cytochalasin B and D effect the cells
inhibits lymphocyte migration, phagocytosis, and cell division
48
What part of the cell cycle is actin especially important in
telophase
49
What is the function of intermediate filaments
mechanical strength cell-cell and cell-matrix junctions
50
What are the classes of intermediate filaments
Keratins Vimentins Neurofilamints Lamins
51
Where are keratins found
all epithelial cells in the cytoplasm
52
Where are Vimentins found
fibroblasts and neurons in the cytoplasm
53
Where are Neurofilaments found
in neurons in the cytoplasm
54
Where are Lamins found
most differentiated cells, all nucleated cells in the nuclear
55
What diseases may lead to accumulation of intermediate filaments
Alcoholic liver cirrhosis Alzheimer's disease
56
What filaments accumulate in Alcoholic liver cirrhosis
keratins forming mallory bodies
57
What filaments accumulate in Alzheimer's disease
neurofilaments leading to neurofibrillary tangles
58
What are mallory bodies
accumulation of keratin in alcoholic liver cirrhosis
59
What is heterochromatin
darker staining more condenses not transcriptionally active
60
What is euchromatin
lighter staining less condensed transcriptionally active
61
What is the function of the nuclear lamina
maintains shape of nucleus and organizes chromatin | scaffolding for chromosomes and nuclear pores
62
What is the structure of the nuclear lamina
lamin proteins (intermediate filaments)
63
What structure is the nuclear envelope
two bilayer membranes separated by a perinuclear space
64
What is the perinuclear space of the nuclear envelope continuous with
rER
65
What diseases are associated with impaired nuclear lamina architecture
Progeria | Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
66
What is defective in Progeria
Lamin A/C
67
What is defective Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy
lamins, lamin receptors, and emerin
68
What is chromatin
DNA and structural proteins (histones) packaged to fit in the nucleus
69
How many chromosomes do humans have
23 pairs 1 sex pair 22 autosomal pairs
70
What is the function of telomerase
repeatedly adds nucleotide sequences to the telomere ends to prevent shortening of chromatids
71
What can telomerases play a role in clinically
oncogenesis
72
What is a barr body
deactivated, shriveled up X chromosome in chromosomes with two Xs
73
Where are barr bodies found
near the nuclear envelope
74
What occurs in the nucleolus
rRNA synthesis assembly of ribosomes regulation of the cell cycle
75
How can the cell cycle be regulated through the nucleolus
through nucleostemin p-53 binding protein
76
What is the target of viruses within a cell
nucleolus
77
What is nucleostemin
protein that regulates cell cycle and influences cell differentiation
78
From a clinical aspect, what can nucleostemin impact
play a role in malignancy
79
What is static cell renewal
cell no longer replicates | CNS and cardiac
80
What is stable cell renewal
cell replicates when needed | smooth muscle, endothelial cells
81
What are slow growing cell exampels
fibroblasts | epithelial cells of the eye lens
82
What are fast growing cell examples
blood cells | epithelial cells
83
What are the stages of the cell cycle
Gap 1 phase S phase G2 phase Mitosis
84
What is GTD phase
terminal differntiation, cells no longer divide
85
WHat is G0 phase
cells are in stable phase of cell division
86
What is S phase
DNA synthesis
87
What is G2 phase
growth and reorganization | accumulation of energy for division
88
What is G1 phase
proteins needed for DNA synthesis
89
What is the fastest stage of the cell cycle
mitosis
90
What effect might a defect in cell cycle checkpoints lead to
malignant transformation or aberrant chromosome segregation
91
What are protein complexes associated with cell cycle regulation
cyclin kinase and cyclin
92
How are cyclin levels throughout the cycle
cyclin levels change
93
What is cyclin kinase levels throughout the cycle
kinase levels do not change, but depend on cyclin
94
Which is more important in regulating the cell cycle
cyclin kinases
95
What is the outcome of mitosis
2 daughter cells with exact DNA sequences and chromosome number
96
What is the outcome of meiosis
Four genetically different cells, with half the number of chromosomes as the original cell haploid cells
97
What is the produce of male meiosis
4 spermatids
98
What is the product of female meisosi
1 oocyte and 3 polar bodies
99
What is necrosis
cell swelling and death
100
What is apoptosis
organized cellular death
101
What causes necrosis
pathology, caused by damage to the cell leads to cell swelling and inflammation
102
What is faster necrosis or apoptosis
apoptosis

LECOM MS1 Histology (8 decks)

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