Histology: Neuro (Exam 2) Flashcards
(111 cards)
1
Q
Who won the nobel prize in physiology or medicine in 1906
A
Camillo Golgi and
Santiago Ramon y Cajal
2
Q
Where are purkinge cells found
A
cerebellum
3
Q
What do Prukinje fibers aid in
A
motor coordination
4
Q
How do Purkinje fibers change in autism patients
A
reduced size
5
Q
How do Purkinje fibers change in alcoholics
A
reduced cell volume
6
Q
Where does nerve tissue develop from
A
embryonic ectoderm
7
Q
What are the 3 major components of the nervous system
A
nerve cells
supporting cells
blood vessel cells
8
Q
What are the nerve cells
A
neurons
9
Q
What are the supporting cells
A
neuroglia
10
Q
What are blood vessel cells
A
blood brain barrer
11
Q
What is the function of neurons
A
conducting cells: specialized to conduct electrical activity
12
Q
What are the types of neurons
A
sensory neurons
motor neurons
interneurons
13
Q
What are sensory neruons
A
somatic or visceral afferent
14
Q
What are motor neurons
A
somatic efferent or visceral efferent
15
Q
What are interneurons
A
communication between sensory and motor neurons
16
Q
Most neurons belong to what category of neurons
A
interneurons
17
Q
Do neurons form cancers, why or why not
A
mostly terminally differentiated so no
18
Q
What is the function of neuroglia
A
non conducting cells that provide
-physical support
metabolic support
electrical insulation
19
Q
Where are neuroglia found
A
surface fo the brain and ventricles
20
Q
Can neuroglia cells divide
A
yes
21
Q
What type of cancers are formed from neuroglia
A
glioma
22
Q
What are the 3 classes of neurons
A
Pseudounipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
23
Q
What type of neurons are pseudounipolar
A
sensory
24
Q
Where are pseudounipolar neurons found
A
spinal and most cranial sensory ganglia
25
What type of neurons are bipolar neurons
sensory--special senses
26
Where are bipolar neurons found
retina, cochlear, and vestibular ganglia
27
What type of neurons are multipolar
motor and interneurons
28
What type of neurons are found in the dorsal root ganglia
pseudounipolar
29
Do synapses occur in the DRG
no
30
Where will the cell body and axons of motor neurons be found in the spinal cord
cell body in ventral horn
| axons in the ventral root
31
What are the different types of multipolar cells
motor neuron
pyramidal
granule cell
cerebellar purkinje
32
What are the layers of cortical cells
1. molecular layer
2. external granular layer
3. External pyramidal cells layer
4. Internal granular layer
5. Ganglionic layer (inner pyramidal cells)
6. Multiform (polymorphic) cell layer
33
How many cortical layers are there
6
34
What is the axon hillock
origin of the axon from the perikaryon
35
What organelles are contained in the axon hillock
free of cell organelles
36
What are Nissl bodies
rER in neurons
37
Describe the nucleus of the neurons
large, lightly stained with prominent nucleolus
38
What are the supporting cells of the PNS
Schwann cells
| satellite cells
39
What is the function of schwann cells
myelinates axons in the PNS
40
What is the function of satellite cells
surround neuron cell bodies of spinal ganglia
41
What are the glial cells of the CNS
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependyma
42
What is the function of oligodendroglia
myelinates axons in the CNS
43
What is oligodendroglia responsible for production of
white matter of the CNS
44
What is the function of astrocytes
forms the blood brain barrier
45
What is the most numerous glial cell
astrocytes
46
How are astrocytes stained
stained to identify GFAP which is a unique easily stained protein contained within astrocytes
47
What are the different types of astrocytes
fibrous type
| protoplasmic type
48
Where are fibrous type of astrocytes found
white matter
49
Where are protoplasmic type of astrocytes found
grey matter
50
What are microglia cells derived from
bone marrow
51
Where are all but microglia cells derived from
neural tube
52
What is the function of microglia
phagocytosis in CNS
53
Where are ependymal cells found
line the ventricles and central canal
54
What is the myelin sheath composed of
multiple layers of cell membrane wrapped around the axon
55
What is the function of myelin
electrically isolates the axon from surorundings
56
What cells produce myelin
schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
57
What is a node of Ranvier
gap in the myelin sheath of a nerve, between adjacent Schwann cells
58
What is the myelin between two ranvier nodes called
internodal segment
59
What is the function of the nodes of ranvier
allows fast conduction of the nerve impulse--action potential develops at the node only, jumping over the internodal segment, saving time
60
What is a Schmidt-Lanterman cleft
small islands of membrane that contain cytoplasm at node of ranvier
61
Guillan-Barre syndrome is what type of disease and causes what
autoimmune disorder, acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy that affects the PNS
62
What type of cells are affected in GUillain Barre syndrome
Schwann cells
63
How do autonomic axons establish synapse
axons penetrate between satellite cells to establish synapse
64
How do oligodendrocytes differ from Schwann cells
Schwann cells only form one segment of a myelin sheath but oligodendrocytes have multiple flat processes that can coil around as many as 60 axons at the same time
Oligodendrocytes don't have an external lamina like schwann cells
oligodendrocytes have fever schmidt lanterman clefts
65
How do unmyelinated axons in CNS differ from those in the PNS
truly unmyelinated, not embedded in the cytoplasm like in the PNS
66
Where do microglial cells originate from
migrate from the vascular system to CNS--mesenchymal origin
67
How many microglial cells are found in adults
small number, activated at site of injury for debris removal
68
What are the protoplasmic astrocytes look like
short branching processes
69
What are the processes of the fibrous astrocyte look like
longer, straight processes
70
What is GFAP
glial fibrillary acidic protein
71
Where is GFAP found
mostly in fibrous astrocyte
72
What is the function of the foot processes of astrocytes
covers vessels, myelin sheath, and innersurface of the pia matter to form the blood brain barrier
73
What does the ependymal cells form
simple epithelial lining of the CSF-filled cavities of the CNS
74
What shape of cell is an ependymal cell
cuboidal or columnar cells
75
What is on the apical surface of ependymal cells
cilia and microvilli
76
What is on the basal surface of ependymal cells
interdigitations with astrocyte processes
77
What cells are responsible for making CSF
ependymal cells
78
What are the components of a neuron
```
dendrites
cell body
axon
terminal arborization
end bulbs
synapses
```
79
What is anterograde transport
movement down the axon away from the soma
80
What are the two speeds of anterograde transport
slow and fast
81
What is slow speed of anterograde transport
0.2-4mm/day
82
What is fast speed of anterograde transport
20-400mm/day
83
What does slow anterograde transport carry
structural proteins
84
What is fast anterograde mediated by
mediated by kinesin bound to the microtubules--carries mitochondria and other large structures
85
What is retrograde transport
movement up the axon toward the soma
86
What speed does retrograde transport occur
fast rate
87
What is retrograde transport mediated by
dynein bound to microtubules
88
What are the different types of synapses
axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonic
dendrodendritic
89
What is the classical synapse
axodendritic
90
What is axosomatic synapse
axon to cell body
91
What is axoaxonic
axon to axon
92
What is dendrodendritic
dendrite to dendrite
93
What is a commonly inhibitory synapse
axoaxonic
94
What are the different neurotransmitter
excitatory: opening Na channels
Inhibitory: opening Cl- channels
95
How will neurotransmitter be released from an axon
1. action potential reaches terminal
2. voltage gated calcium channels open
3. calcium binds to proteins on vesicles permitting fusion with terminal membrane
4. release of neurotransmitters
96
What are the envolopes around the nerve
endoneurium
perineurium
epineurium
97
Where is endoneurium found
each nerve fiber
98
What is endoneurium secreted by
Schwann cells
99
What type of composition is endoneurium
circular longitudinal collagen
100
Where is perineurium found
around nerve bundles
101
Tight junctions in the perineurium form what
blood-nerve barrier
102
What type of composition is the perineurium
specialized connective tissue 1-6 layers of flattened contractile cells that possess basal lamina on both surfaces
103
Where is epineurium found
around nerve and the fascles
104
What composition is epineurium
dense irregular CT
105
What does the epineurium contain that the other layers do not
blood vessels
106
Where are multipolar somatic motor neurons found
ventral horn and ventral root
107
Where are multipolar autonomic motor neurons found
lateral horn and paravertebral ganglia
108
Where are the cell bodies for the somatic motor nerves
anterior horn of spinal cord
109
How many layers of cells are in the neocortex
6
110
What functional type of cells are found in the DH
interneurons
111
What functional type of cells are found in the VH
multipolar neurons
