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NBS1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

Conducting portion of respiratory system

A

Nasal cavities
Pharynx and larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and bronchioles

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2
Q

Respiratory portion of respiratory system

A

Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoli

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3
Q

Embryological Origin of Respiratory System

A

evagination of Respiratory diverticulum from the foregut
Epithelium is of endodermal origin
Cartilage, smooth muscle, and CT–thoracic mesenchymal

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4
Q

What makes up the mucosa and submucosa

A

Mucosa–
respiratory epithelium (most conducting positions)
Respiratory portions–simple cuboidal and squamous epithelium
Laminapropria (CT)

Glands

Submucosa
–cartilage and smooth muscle

Tubular so there will be an adventitia

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5
Q

What prevents collapse in extrapulmonary and intrapulmonary parts

A

Extrapulmonary–cartilage

Intrapulmonary–negative pressure

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6
Q

Chambers of the nasal cavities

A

Vestibule
Respiratory segment
Olfactory segment

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7
Q

Vestibule

A

outside of bone
Stratified squamous epithelium (in contact with outside environment)
Vibrissae (hair)
Sebaceous glands to moisten air

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8
Q

Respiratory segment

A

Warms, moistens and filters air
Blood vessels set parallel
Turbinates/conchae to increase SA and created turbulence
Psudeostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells

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9
Q

Mucosa of the respiratory segment

A 
Respiratory epithelium
-ciliated cells
Goblet 
Brush (micro villi)
Small granule cells (endocrine, para cringe secretion)
Basal cells (progenitor cells)

Lamina Propria
--loose connective tissue
-diffuse lymphatic system
Large blood vessels
Mixed mucous/serous glands
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10
Q

Glands and connective tissue of Lamina propria

A

Loose connective tissue
Mixed mucous/serous glands
Lies on periostium of turbinate bones

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11
Q

What is the dark line of the respiratory mucosa (respiratory epithelium)

A

Basal Bodies connecting cilia to apical membrane

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12
Q

Difference in nuclei between seromucous glands

A

Serous– rounded (thinner fluid)

Mucous–flattened (thicker)

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13
Q

Location of basal cells in respiratory mucosa

A

Close to the bottom, progenitor cells

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14
Q

How do you identify respiratory mucosa

A 
Mixed seromucous glands (Lamina propria)
Goblet cells (clear)
Ciliated cells
Rounded, dark nucleated progenitor cells (basal cells)
Basal body anchoring cilia
Parallel blood vessels with blood running perpendicular to air flow 
Loose CT
Look for bones of turbinates/conchae
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15
Q

Function of ciliated cells and crush cells

A

Ciliated–movement of mucous towards pharynx

Brush–small microvilli to transmit sensory signals via trigeminal nerve/ sneeze reflex

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16
Q

Cilia structure

A

9 pairs of microtubule doublets surrounding two central pairs of microtubule so that anchor to apical surface by basal bodies

Cells attached together via zonula occludens and macula adherens
Move toward pharynx–microvilli art escalator

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17
Q

Sol made/function

A

Made my serous glands, allow cilia to beat freely

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18
Q

Gel–made/function

A

Goblet cell made, traps particles. Moved by cilia

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19
Q

Cystic fibrosis/mucoviscidosis

A

Defect in Cl-channel protein making mucous more viscous
Malfunction in mucociliary escalator–dehydration
Autosomal recessive, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease
Too much water absorbed by cells (follows Na)

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20
Q

Allergic Rhinitis

A

Swollen blood vessels as a result of a histamine immune response in the Lamina propria of the respiratory segment of nasal cavity

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21
Q

Nasal Cavity Mucosa–olfactory segment

A

Olfactory epithelium–psudeostratified columnar
NO GOBLET CELLS (don’t want too much viscosity to trap receptors)
Olfactory cells (bipolar, axons innervate olfactory bulb)
Supporting/sustentacular cells
Basal cells
Brush cells (trigeminal nerve)

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22
Q

Lamina propria olfactory segment

A

Bowman’s glands (serous)

Directly adjacent to periosteum of overlying bone

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23
Q

Function of sustentacular cells and location

A

Support for bipolar olfactory cells
Near apical part of cell
Elongated, darker, apical (don’t get confused with neurons which have prominent nucleoli)

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24
Q

Ciliated in olfactory segment of nasal cavity

A

Bipolar neurons modified to express receptors for various order ants
Every olfactory receptor cell expresses one and only one odorant receptor
Receptor cells carrying the same type of receptor converge their processes into the same glomerulus
Non-motile
Synapse on olfactory glomerulus

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25
Axons of olfactory cells
Unmeylenated nerve bundles in Lamina propria of olfactory segment in nasal cavity
26
Bowman's glands
Lamina propria of olfactory segment of nasal cavity Serous only Large, bright red nucleus Flush olfactory epithelium so stimuli are washed away
27
Functions of Respiratory System
``` Exchange O2 in the air with CO2 in the blood Filtration Thermoregulation Humidification (Air conditioning) Immune Response Olfaction Phonation Water Balance ```
28
Pharynx layers
Epithelium--respiratory (nasopharynx) ----stratified squamous in oropharynx and laryngopharynx (need tougher, orally ingested materials) Lamina Propria Muscle layer--skeletal Adventitia--connective tissue
29
Lamina propria of pharynx
Seromucous glands in nasopharynx (still part of mucociliary escalator) Mucous glands in oropharynx and laryngopharynx
30
Chronic inflammation of pharyngeal tonsil
Adenoids Roof of nasopharynx (respiratory epithelium) Lymphatic tissue Block eustactian tubes
31
Epiglottis
Elastic cartilage core CT (elastic) Stratified squamous epithelium (from food) Respiratory epithelium with mucoserous glands
32
Muscle in true vocal folds
``` Vocalis muscle (skeletal muscle) Covered by stratified squamous nonkeritizined epithelium ``` Lamina propria--elastic fibers
33
Transition of epithelium in larynx for vocal folds
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium covering vocal folds to respiratory epithelium below true vocal folds Stratified columnar epithelium can be found in the transition from stratified squamous to respiratory epithelium Lymph nodules and elastic fibers--present in Lamina propria
34
Distinguishing vocal fold vs ventricular fold
Vocal fold--you will see vocalalis muscle No muscle in ventricular fold Vocal fold--dense bright red elastic fibers
35
Trachea layers
Epithelium--respiratory Lamina propria-thick basement membrane, abundant elastic fibers, diffuse lymphatic system Submucosa--mixed seromucus (more particles from lungs) Cartilage layers--c shaped Adventitia--CT, blood vessels, nerves
36
Mucosa of Trachea
Respiratory epithelium Basal bodies of cilia Goblet cells above triangle nucleus Lamina propria Collagen, thick basement membrane. (Thickens with smoking) Elastic fibers Diffuse lymphatic system
37
Glands in submucosa of trachea
Mixed seromucus
38
Cartilage layer of trachea
C-shaped that prevents collapse along with the tracheal is muscle --flexibility at esophagus
39
Divisions of left and right bronchi
Right-3 lobar, 10 segmental | Left-2 lobar, 8 segmental
40
Layers of Bronchi
Epithelium--respiratory Lamina propria--basement membrane decreases in thickness Muscularis--smooth muscle Submucosa-mixed seromucus Cartilage-discontinuous Adventitia-connective tissue, blood vessels, nerves
41
Lamina propria of bronchi
Decreases in thickness Abundant elastic fibers Diffuse lymphatic system Part of the folded mucosa-due to contracted smooth muscle
42
Blood supply to bronchus
Pulmonary and systemic supply Pulmonary arteries do not supply tissue, feed alveolar capillaries at respiratory bronchioles Bronchial arteries from aorta and supply the intersitium to respiratory bronchioles, anastomoses with pulmonary capillaries
43
Pulmonary arteries
Thin tunica media
44
Size of bronchioles
45
Distinguishing features of Bronchioles
No glands, no cartilage (different than bronchus which has seromucus) Goblet cells only in largest bronchioles Epithelium has cilia Abundant smooth muscle (decreases with the diameter of the bronchioles)
46
Bronchioles in asthma
Extreme contraction of the smooth muscles surrounding causing restriction of flow to the alveoli
47
Divisions in respiratory bronchiole
Alveolar duct--in a line Atrium Alveolar sac--culdesak
48
Respiratory portion of the respiratory system
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, sacs, and alveoli
49
Large respiratory bronchiole epithelium
Psudeostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
50
Transition of epithelium in respiratory bronchioles
Psudeostratified ciliated columnar to simple ciliated columnar to simple cuboidal epithelium with ciliated and Clara cells
51
Clara cells
Divides and differentiate to form ciliated an non-ciliated epithelial cells Secrete lipoprotein CC160--lung damage marker
52
ER of Clara cells
Rough ER (and apical secretory granules) and have smooth ER--detox gases
53
Lung capillary volume, area | Alveolar volume, area
LCV--250 mL LCA-125 square meters AV-4000 mL (airspace) AA-140 square meters
54
Cell types in alveoli
Pneumocytes (I and II) Macrophage--phagocytic, wandering *black lung*, stain dark Endothelial cells--angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) Brush cells--General sensation Fibroblasts--produce collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers Blood cells--erythrocytes in capillaries; leukocytes in capillaries and septa
55
Type 1 vs type 2 alveolar cells
Type 1--squamous, joined by zonula occuludens, 95% of area | Type 2-cuboidal, 5% surface area, lamellar bodies, produce surfactant
56
Contents of Alveolar Septum
``` Surfactant Pneumocytes Basal lamina of Pneumocytes Connective tissue and cells (thicker portion) Basal Lamina of endothelial cell Endothelial cell ```
57
How can you tell the difference between type I vs epithelial cell?
Type I--nucleus bulges into air space | Epithelial cell--nucleus bulges into capillary
58
F(X) of macrophages in heart failure
Damaged RBCs are degraded after accumulation in lungs
59
F(X) of Type II
Secrete phospholipids, neutral lipids, and proteins that form surfactant Progenitor cells for type 1 cells. Hyperplasia of type II is a marker for alveolar injury
60
Make up of surfactant
Proteins (A-D)--organize surfactant layers and modulate immune responses DPPC--most surface tension reducing properties Only occurs after 35 weeks gestation Lack of surfactant--RDS
61
Components of Pluera
Mesothelial sheet with layer of connective tissue rich in elastic fibers, lymphatics in visceral pleura drain towards the hilum
62
Respiratory changes due to smoking
larger basement membrane (decrease elasticity) Increase in goblet cells (stickier, more mucus) Loss of synchronous beating patter of cilia, loss of cilia (decrease function of cilia) Loss of olfactory neurons CIlia replaced with stratified squamous cells (increased stress, abrasion)--metaplasia Increase lung cancer
63
COPD
Increase macrophages and increased neutrophils, larger alveolar spaces, decrease in surface area in contact with lungs/Ari Destruction to inter alveolar septa Loss of tissue elasticity Elastase is major mechanics in the destruction of alveolar morphology and function
64
Respiratory vs Olfactory epithelium lab differentiation
Respiratory--goblet cells, mixed seromucus, blood vessels | Olfactory--no goblet cells, serous glands (bowman's) and nerve bundles
65
Olfactory Receptor cells
Bipolar neurons that span entire thickness of epithelial layer of olfactory epithelium

NBS1 (9 decks)

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