Histology

Question 1

what 2 hormones does the kidney produce?

Answer 1

renin

erythropoietin

Question 2

what is the function of renin?

Answer 2

acts to increase blood pressure through RAS system

Question 3

what is the function of erythropoietin?

Answer 3

increases rate of RBC production

Question 4

what is the name of the spaces between the minor calyces?

Answer 4

renal sinuses

Question 5

what is the functional unit of the kidney?

Answer 5

nephron

Question 6

what are the 2 main parts of the nephron?

Answer 6

renal corpuscle

renal tubules

Question 7

what are the 2 main parts of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 7

glomerulus

bowmans capsule

Question 8

what type of epithelium is Bowman’s capsule made from?

Answer 8

simple squamous epithelium

Question 9

what supplies the glomerulus with blood?

Answer 9

afferent arteriole

Question 10

what drains the glomerulus?

Answer 10

efferent arteriole

Question 11

what are the 2 cell layers between the blood and the glomerular filtate?

Answer 11

capillary endothelium

podocytes

Question 12

what thick layer is between the capillary endothelium of the glomerulur and the podocytes?

Answer 12

thick basal lamina

including basement membrane

Question 13

what is the function of the scattered mesangial cells around the podocytes?

Answer 13

produce a connective tissue core called mesangium
act as support cells
help control flow of blood
remove debris

Question 14

what type of epithleium is the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron made of?

Answer 14

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 15

compare the apical surface of the epithelium of the proximal convoluted tubule to thee distal convoluted tubule?

Answer 15

PCT has a very susbstantial brush border with microvilli

DCT only has a few microvilli

Question 16

the proximal convoluted tubules are characteristially ‘hairy’ in appearance, what causes this?

Answer 16

the substantial brush border

Question 17

what are the 3 distinct limbs of the loop of henle?

Answer 17

thin descending limb
thin ascending limb
thick ascending limb

Question 18

which part of the kidney is the renal corpuscle within?

Answer 18

the cortex

Question 19

which part of the kidney is the proximal convoluted tubule within?

Answer 19

the cortex

Question 20

which part of the kidney is the loop of Henle within?

Answer 20

the medulla

Question 21

what cells line the thin ascending loop of Henle?

Answer 21

simple squamous epithelium

Question 22

what cells line the thin descending loop of Henle?

Answer 22

simple squamous epithelium

Question 23

what cells line the thick ascending loop of Henle?

Answer 23

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 24

what is the name of the blood vessels which dip down from the cortex into the medulla, do a loop and then climb back up to the cortex?

Answer 24

vasa recta

Question 25

describe the blood flow in vasa recta?

Answer 25

sluggish blood flow

Question 26

what part of the kidney are the distal convoluted tubules found in?

Answer 26

the cortex

Question 27

what cells line the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron?

Answer 27

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 28

what are medullary rays?

Answer 28

parallel segments of collecting ducts and tubules orientated down towards the medulla

Question 29

what part of the kidney are the medullary rays found?

Answer 29

the cortex

Question 30

which part of the nephron is responsive to ADH?

Answer 30

collecting ducts

Question 31

what cells line the collecting ducts?

Answer 31

simple columnar epithelium

Question 32

what are the collecting ducts sometimes referred to as?

Answer 32

ducts of Bellini

Question 33

what is the nae of the specialised region formed where the distal convoluted tubule crosses the renal corpuscle?

Answer 33

juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 34

what are the 3 components of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 34

macula dense juxtaglomerular cells extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 35

what is the name of the extraglomerular mesangial cells which are part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 35

lacis cells

Question 36

where are the macula densa cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus found?

Answer 36

line the specialised area of distal convoluted tubule

Question 37

what is the function of the macula dense cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 37

sense ion concentrations

Question 38

where are the juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus found?

Answer 38

in the wall of the afferent arteriole

Question 39

what type of cells are the juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 39

modified smooth muscle cells

Question 40

what is the function of the juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 40

secrete renin

Question 41

what is almost all of the conducting parts of the urinary tract lined with?

Answer 41

transitional epithelium/ urothelium

Question 42

is transitional epithelium/urothelium which lines the urinary tract simple, stratified or pseudostratified?

Answer 42

stratified

Question 43

what are the names of the cells are the luminal surface of the conducting parts of the urinary tract?

Answer 43

umbrella cells

Question 44

what are umbrella cells?

Answer 44

domed shaped cells which have a thickened impermeable membrane line most of the conducting parts of the urinary tract

Question 45

why might the transitional epithelium /urothelium of the conducting parts of the urinary tract vary in cell thickness?

Answer 45

due to different states of distension

Question 46

as you go more distal down the ureter, what happens to the thickeness of the surrounding smooth muscle?

Answer 46

increases

Question 47

in a female, what lines the urethra?

Answer 47

initially transitional epithelium/ urothelium | then changes to stratified squamous epithelium near its termination

Question 48

in a male, what lines the prostatic urethra?

Answer 48

transitional epithelium/urothelium

Question 49

in a male, what lines the membranous urethra?

Answer 49

stratified columnar epithelium

Question 50

in a male, what lines the penile urethra?

Answer 50

initially stratified columnar epithelium | then changes to stratified squamous epithelium near its termination

Question 51

what epithelium lines the prostate?

Answer 51

simple columnar secretory epithelium