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A&P1 > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

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1
Q

4 types of tissues

A

epithelial
connective
muscle
nerve

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2
Q

functions of epithelial tissue

A
  • covering and lining epithelium - epidermis of skin, lining of blood vessels and ducts, lines respiratory, reproductive, urinary, & GI tract
  • glandular epithelium - cells secrete a product
    thyroid, adrenal and sweat glands
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3
Q

types of epithelial tissue

A 
simple squamous -lungs
simple cuboidal - kidneys
simple columnar - digestive system
stratified squamous - skin
stratified cuboidal - glands
psuedostratified columnar with cilia and goblet cells - respiratory system
transitional - bladder
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4
Q

functions of connective tissue

A
  • supports and binds structures together
  • some cells store fat for energy
  • some cells provide immunity
  • very diverse - from blood to bone
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5
Q

types of connective tissue and location

A
  • areolar - wraps around organs
  • adipose - fat
  • reticular - liver, spleen, lymph nodes
  • cartilage - end of bones, intervertebral disks, ear
  • bone - shaft of bones, ends of bones
  • membranes - covers organs, lines cavities, lines joints, skin
  • blood - fluid that allows communication throughout body
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6
Q

types of Blood cells

A
  • Erythrocyte - red blood cell - carries oxygen
  • thrombocyte - platelet - clots blood
  • leukocyte - white blood cells - immunity
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7
Q

white blood cells may increase at anytime, generally indicates

A
  • neutrophil - bacteria
  • eosinophil - parasites - worms
  • basophil - allergies
  • lymphocyte - T cells and B cells - cancer
  • monocyte - cancer
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8
Q

types of muscle tissue

A
  • cardiac - heart
  • skeletal - attached to bone
  • smooth - found in organs
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9
Q

integumentary system

A

a group of organs and their derivatives that make up the skin, hair, nails, glands, and nerve endings

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10
Q

skin functions as an organ to

A
  • regulate body temperature
  • protect from bacteria, chemicals, uv, trauma
  • sensation - awareness for protection
  • excretion
  • immunity
  • blood reservoir
  • synthesis of vitamin D
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11
Q

2 major layers of skin

A

epidermis - epithelial tissue only

dermis - layer of CT, MT, and NT

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12
Q

general anatomy of Integumentary system

A
  • large organ composed of all 4 tissue types
  • 22 square feet
  • 1-2mm thick
  • 10lbs
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13
Q

injections in Integumentary system

A
  • IM - intramuscular injection - into the muscle
  • Dermal Injections - above hypodermis, ex: TB test
  • Hypodermic injection - below the dermis
  • transdermal med - medicine absorbed through epidermis to hypodermis
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14
Q

IM - Intramuscular injection

A

into the muscle

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15
Q

Dermal Injection

A

above the hypodermis, ex TB test

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16
Q

Hypodermic Injection

A

below the dermis

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17
Q

Transdermal Med

A

medicine absorbed through epidermis to hypodermis

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18
Q

subcutaneous tissue

A

layer of adipose and areolar tissue, not part of skin, more bv

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19
Q

epidermis

A
  • apical layer of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • contains no blood vessels
  • 4 types of cells within epidermis
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20
Q

epithelial cells

A

form in basal layer (stratum basal) and migrate to surface, die, and slough off

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21
Q

psoriasis

A

chronic skin disorder, cells shed in 7-10 days as flaky silvery scales, abnormal keratin produced

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22
Q

keratinization & epidermal growth

A
  • stem cells divide, produce keratinocytes at basal layer,migrate to surface
  • as keratinocytes are pushed up towards the surface, they fill with keratin
  • 4 week journey unless outer layers removed in abrasion
  • hormone EGF (epidermal growth factor) can speed up process
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23
Q

4 cell types in epidermis

A
  • Keratinocytes 90%
  • Melanocytes 8%
  • Langerhan
  • merkel
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24
Q

keratinocytes cells

A

produce keratin, ex callus

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25
melanocytes cells
- produces melanin pigment | - melanin transferred to other cells with long cell processes
26
langerhan cells
from bone marrow
27
merkel cells
for touch reception
28
skin graft
- covering of a wound with a piece of healthy skin | - new skin can not refenerate if stratum basale and its stem cells are destroyed
29
types of skin grafts
- autograft - xenograft - isograft - autologous skin
30
autograft
type of skin graft | from selve
31
xenograft
type of skin graft | between species
32
isograft
type of skin graft | from twin
33
autologous skin
type of skin graft | patients skin grown in culture prior to grafting procedure
34
dermis
- connective tissue layer composed of collagen and elastice fibers with a few fibrolasts, macrophages and adipocytes and some smooth muscle - contains hair follicles, glands, nerves, and blood vessels
35
melanin
- in epidermis - produced by melanocytes - granuels of melanin enter keratinocytes - same number of melanocytes in all people - UV stimulates melanin production
36
albinism
genetic, no melanin production
37
vitiligo
no melanocytes, patches of white
38
4 pigments that affect skin
melanin carotene hemoglobin bilirubin
39
carotene
- yellow orange pigment - precursor for vitamin A - gives skin yellow hue - sun tan pills
40
hemoglobin
- a protein inside red blood cells that caries oxygen and carbon dioxide - when bound to oxygen it turns bright red - gives skin a pink hue
41
bilirubin
formed by accelerated destruction of red blood cells, liver diseases, gives skin a yellow hue
42
bluish nail beds
pt is cyanotic, reduced oxygen to blood
43
carbon monoxide poisoning
pink hue of mucous membrane
44
jaundice
bilirubin accumulates in skin, skin has a yellow hue, photo therapy for newborns
45
erythemia
skin is red from increased blood flow from irritation, infection, allergy, inflammation, burns
46
freckles, liver spots
melanocytes in patches
47
accessory structures of skin
- epithelial cells - specialize | - cells sink inward during development to form: hair, oil glands, sweat glands, nails
48
functions of hair
- prevents heat loss - decreases sunburn - eyelashes help protect eyes - touch receptors sense light tough
49
hair related structures
arrector pili | hair root plexus
50
arrector pili
smooth muscle in dermis, contracts with cold or fear. forms goose bumps as hair is pulled vertically
51
hair root plexus
touch receptors detect hair movement sebaceous glands
52
structure/ parts of hair
- shaft - visible above skin - root - below skin - follicle- downward extension of the epidermis - bulb - base of follicle that contains the matrix that is the site of cell division
53
hair
a column of dead keratinized cells bound together by extracellular proteins with 4 parts chemotherapy effects
54
hair growth stage
lasts for 2-6 years matrix cells at base of hair root divide producing increased length old hair falls out as growth stage begins again normal hair loss is 70-100 hairs per day
55
resting stage
lasts for 3 months | matrix cells inactive and follicle atrophies
56
hair growth: what causes the matrix to stop mitosis
poor nutrition, stress, chemotherapy
57
hair color
result of melanin produced in melanocytes in hair bulb
58
dark hair
contains true melanin
59
blonde and red hair
contain melanin with iron and sulfur added
60
graying hair
a result of decline in melanin production
61
white hair
air bubbles in the medullary shaft
62
glands of the skin
- sebaceous oil glands - sudiferous sweat glands - ceruminous wax glands - mammary milk glands
63
sebaceous oil glands
- secretory portion in the dermis - most open onto hair shafts - sebum - acne
64
sudiferous sweat glands
eccrine sweat glands | apocrine sweat glands
65
sebum
combination of cholesterol, proteins, fats, and salts keeps hair and skin soft and pliable inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi
66
acne
bacterial inflammation of glands | secretions stimulated by hormones at puberty
67
eccrine sweat glands
most areas of skin, secretory portion in dermis with duct to surface, regulate body temperature with perspiration
68
apocrine sweat glands
armpit and pubic region, secretory portion in dermis with duct that opens onto hair follicle, secretions more viscous, active at puberty
69
sweat / perspiration
fluid produced by the epithelial gland, main function is to cool the body, as sweat evaporates heat energy leaves body surface, minor function of removing waste
70
sweat / perspiration contains
water, salt, urea, uric acid, ammonia, sugar, lactic acid, ascorbic acid
71
ceruminous glands
modified sweat glands produce waxy secretion in ear canal, helps form barrier for entrance of foreign bodies
72
nails
packed keratinized epithelial cells
73
nail body
visible portion that is pink due to underlying capillaries
74
nail colors indicate
pink-normal blood flow blue/grey - hypoxia, low oxygen dark blue to black - liver disease furrows & ridges - dietary deficiency
75
nail matrix
area of growth, below nail root | area of mitosis 1mm a week
76
3 common forms of skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma squamous cell carcinoma malignant melanomas
77
types of burns
first degree second degree third degree or full thickness
78
malignant melanomas
most common cancer in young women arise from melanocytes - life threatening key to treatment is early detection risks factors are skin color, sun exposure, family history, age, and immunological status

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