histology

Question 1

what is an organelle

Answer 1

a small organ essential for life eg mitochondria, nucleus

Question 2

what is an inclusion

Answer 2

dispensable eg glycogen store

Question 3

what is the cytoskeleton made up of

Answer 3

microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules

Question 4

what are microfilaments

Answer 4

made by actin, dynamic

Question 5

what are intermediate filaments

Answer 5

bind intracellular elements together

Question 6

what are microtubules

Answer 6

hollow tubes made from tubulin subunits a + B, origonate from centrosome

Question 7

what do dyein and kinesin do

Answer 7

attach to microtubules and drag things with them

Question 8

what is the nuclear envelope

Answer 8

space between 2 membranes, called perinuclear cistern filled with water

Question 9

what is the outer membrane of the nucleus like

Answer 9

studded with ribosomes

Question 10

what is euchromatin and where is it

Answer 10

DNA that is dispersed and undergoing transcription

Question 11

what is heterochromatin and where is it

Answer 11

DNA that is highly condensed and not undergoing transcription

Question 12

what is endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

inside cytoplasm membrane, connects organelles, flattened fluid membrane

Question 13

what is rough ER

Answer 13

studded with ribosomes, synthesis of proteins and initiation of glycoprotein formation

Question 14

what is smooth ER

Answer 14

continues making proteins from rough ER and rough lipids

Question 15

what is the golgi complex

Answer 15

composed of flat, membrane bound cisternae, packages and modifies stuff

Question 16

what does the inner membrane of the mitochondria fold to form

Answer 16

cristae, to increase SA

Question 17

what is the only other part of the cell that has DNA apart from nucleus

Answer 17

mitochondrion

Question 18

what do occluding junctions do

Answer 18

prevent diffusion from touching cells (AKA tight or zonula occludens)

Question 19

what do anchoring junctions do

Answer 19

link membrane actin filament to adjacent celss,

Question 20

what do desomosomes do

Answer 20

link cells

Question 21

what do communicating junctions do

Answer 21

allow selective diffusion of molecules between adjacent cells, creating pores/ channels. AKA gap junctions

Question 22

describe the stages of microscopy

Answer 22

1) tissue preserved (eg formalin) 2) cut v thin slices 3) support materials - dehydrate, solvent and hot wax 4) cut onto microtone and rehydrate 5) changes called artefacts 6) use stains to identify (H&E)

Question 23

what do epithelial cells cover

Answer 23

body surfaces (in and out)

Question 24

what shape can epithelial cells be

Answer 24

squamous, cuboidal, columnar. single layered, stratified or pseudostratisfied

Question 25

in endocrine glands, which end does stuff diffuse from

Answer 25

near basal end and diffuse into capillaries

Question 26

in exocrine glands what happens

Answer 26

secrete towards apical ends and leave via ducts

Question 27

name some soft connective tissues

Answer 27

tendons, ligaments (dense), dermis of skin (soft)

Question 28

name some hard connective tissue

Answer 28

cartilage, bone

Question 29

what are the 3 types of cartilage

Answer 29

hyalnie, elastic and fibrocartilage

Question 30

is cartilage or bone avascular

Answer 30

cartilage, bone has Haversian channels

Question 31

in connective tissue there is a large amount of extracellular space and cells, what is in there?

Answer 31

fibre, fluid, fibroblasts, adipose, osteocytes and chondrocytes

Question 32

what fibres do muscle cells have lots of

Answer 32

contractile

Question 33

what is smooth muscle

Answer 33

involuntary, smooth and no striations,

Question 34

what is skeletal muscle

Answer 34

voluntary and striated, long and multinucleated

Question 35

what do cardiac muscles look like

Answer 35

striated, one nucleus, intercalated discs

Question 36

what do nerve tissue look like

Answer 36

neurones and support cells (glia), surrounded by connective tissue

Question 37

what do neurones look like and what types are there

Answer 37

think bodies (dendrites) with a main body (soma). astrocytes oligodendrocytes and microglia

Question 38

what are the 4 basic types of cells

Answer 38

epithelial, muscle, connective and nervous

Question 39

what is the tunica intima

Answer 39

inner layer of blood vessel , single layer of epithelial cells supported by basal lamina and connective tissue

Question 40

what is the tunica media

Answer 40

middle layer, smooth muscle

Question 41

what is the tunica adventitia

Answer 41

outer layer, made by supporting connective tissue

Question 42

where is the inner and outer elastic membrane

Answer 42

inner between intima and media, outer between intima and adventitia

Question 43

in large arteries what is the tunica media replaced with and why

Answer 43

elastic fibres, to stop pressure building up

Question 44

what are capillaries and the 3 types

Answer 44

endothelial and basal lamina, continous, fenestrated and discontinous

Question 45

where to capillary networks drained too

Answer 45

post-capillary benules

Question 46

describe the structure of veins

Answer 46

tunica intima, think media and thick adventitia. have valves

Question 47

what is the lymphatic system

Answer 47

train excess fluid to blood, no central pump but valves

Question 48

how is blood separated

Answer 48

centrifuge: plasma on top serum on bottom

Question 49

how big are erythrocutes

Answer 49

7 microm, no nucleus

Question 50

how long to erythrocytes live for

Answer 50

4 months

Question 51

name the types of white blood cells

Answer 51

neutrophils (most common), eosinophils, basophils (rare). monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 52

what are platelets

Answer 52

cell fragments involved in haemostasis, no nucleus

Question 53

what are megakartyocytes

Answer 53

large cells of bone marrow that produce platelets