Pharmacology - biochem-ish

Question 1

what is autocrine signalling

Answer 1

when a cell releases signal molecules that illicit response in itself

Question 2

what is paracrine signalling

Answer 2

cell releases molecules that target neighbours

Question 3

what is endocrine signalling

Answer 3

signalling molecules enter the blood

Question 4

what 3 receptors are targeted by hydrophilic signalling molecules

Answer 4

ligand gated ion channels, g-protein coupled receptors, kinase-linked

Question 5

what receptor is targeted by hydrophobic

Answer 5

nuclear

Question 6

what are gated ion channels made of

Answer 6

glycoproteins

Question 7

what signals can cause them to open and close

Answer 7

ligand, voltage, physical

Question 8

what is signalling via 2nd messengers

Answer 8

signal binds to receptor on cell and activates effectors within the cell, don’t actually pass through

Question 9

what are the receptors

Answer 9

G coupled protein receptors (GCPR)

Question 10

describe GCPR (4)

Answer 10

1) peripheral membrane proteins 2) with 7 transmembrane a-helical spans. 3)Has a G nucleotide binding site for GTP or GDP4) has subunits (alpha, beta, gamma)

Question 11

when GCPR proteins are not signalling what state are they in

Answer 11

receptor empty, G bound to GDP

Question 12

what happens when GCPR becomes activated

Answer 12

binds to receptor and G protein couples with it. GDP dissociated from G and GTP binds with alpha subunit. G protein dissociates

Question 13

what are the signalling molecules from GCPR

Answer 13

GTP bound alpha subunit and a By-dimer

Question 14

what happens when GCPR becomes inactivates

Answer 14

a subunit hydrolysed GTP –> GDP and pi, a subunit rebinds with by-subunit

Question 15

what makes up the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Answer 15

CNS and peripheral nerves system (PNS)

Question 16

where do efferent signals travel to and from

Answer 16

away from CNS

Question 17

where to afferent signals travel to and from

Answer 17

to CNS

Question 18

ANS mediates whole body except what

Answer 18

skeletal muscle

Question 19

the ANS is divided into what 2 divisions

Answer 19

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 20

what is sympathetics main functions

Answer 20

‘fight or flight’

Question 21

what is parasympathetics main function

Answer 21

‘rest and digest’

Question 22

where are preganglionic neurones normally located

Answer 22

inside the CNS

Question 23

where are post ganglionic cells normally located

Answer 23

outside CNS –> effector cells

Question 24

what are the neurotransmitters and receptors between pre and post ganglionic fibres

Answer 24

acetycholine (ACh) to nicotonic cholinoceptors

Question 25

where do pre and post ganglionic neurones synapse in the sympathetic chain

Answer 25

para or prevertebral ganglia, noth are near spinal cord

Question 26

where do pre and post ganglionic neurones synapse in parasympathetic chain

Answer 26

terminal ganglia distance to CNS, often on the walls of target organs

Question 27

what are the anatomical differences between pre and postganglionic fibres

Answer 27

pre are myelinated and white motor B fibres. post are not myelinated and grey motor C fibres

Question 28

what type of outflow is sympathetic (regions of spine)

Answer 28

thoracolumbar (T1-L2)

Question 29

what type of outflow is parasympathetic (regions of spine)

Answer 29

craniosacral

Question 30

what does sympathetic stimulation do to the body

Answer 30

increases HR and force of contraction, relaxes bronchi and decreases mucous production, relaxes GI motility, releases adrenaline from adrenal glands. ejaculation

Question 31

in the sympathetic chain, what is the NT for preganglionic neurones

Answer 31

ACh

Question 32

in the sympathetic chain, what is the NT for postganglionic neurones

Answer 32

normally noradrenaline NA

Question 33

what are the parasympathetic cranial nerves

Answer 33

C3, C7, C9, C10

Question 34

what effect does parasympathetic chain have on the body

Answer 34

decreases HR, bronchoconstriction, increases GI motility and mucous production. erections

Question 35

in the parasympathetic chain, what is the NT for pre and post ganglionic neurones

Answer 35

ACh

Question 36

describe the steps in a neurochemical transmission (7)

Answer 36

1) uptake of precursor 2) synthesis and storage of NT 3) depolarisation by AP 4) Ca enters nerve terminal 5)Ca releases NT 6) receptor us activated 7) enzymes break down NT and it is re-uptaken as a precursor

Question 37

in the parasympathetic chain, what is ACh broken down into and by what

Answer 37

choline + acetate by ACh

Question 38

how many subunits is the nicotinic ACh receptor

Answer 38

5

Question 39

what are the sympathetic co-transmitters

Answer 39

ATP and neuropeptide Y

Question 40

what are the parasympathetic co-transmitters

Answer 40

nitric oxide (NO) and VIP

Question 41

what receptors does NA act on in sympathetic

Answer 41

adrenoreceptors

Question 42

what receptors does ACh act on in parasympathetic

Answer 42

M1-M3

Question 43

what is nicotine an agonist of

Answer 43

receptors - mimics ACh

Question 44

what uptakes and what metabolised NA

Answer 44

U1/U2 | MOA and COMT

Question 45

what is the M1 ACh receptor coupled too and what does it do

Answer 45

q, increased acid secretion

Question 46

what is the M2 ACh receptor coupled too and what does it do

Answer 46

i, decreased heart rate

Question 47

what is the M3 ACh receptor coupled too and what does it do

Answer 47

q, contraction of airways and relaxation of vasculature

Question 48

what is the B1 NA receptors coupled too and what does it do

Answer 48

s, increased heart rate

Question 49

what is the B2 NA receptors coupled too and what does it do

Answer 49

s, relaxation of airways and vasculature

Question 50

what is the a1 NA receptors coupled too and what does it do

Answer 50

q, contraction of vasculature

Question 51

what is the a2 NA receptors coupled too and what does it do

Answer 51

i, decreases NA release

Question 52

what does cocaine block and what does this result in

Answer 52

U1, leftover NA, this increases adrenoreceptor activity, increases HR

Question 53

what does amphetamine do

Answer 53

substrate for U1, blocks MOA, NA isn't broken down, increases HR

Question 54

in what direction does sodium flow into a cell

Answer 54

Na - leaks in

Question 55

in what direction does K flow

Answer 55

outwards

Question 56

what is an AP

Answer 56

briefly depolarisation, moves along nerve axons with constant magnitude

Question 57

what is the normal resting potential of a cell

Answer 57

-70mv

Question 58

when Na channels are activated it is a knock on effect and others are activated, what is this called

Answer 58

positive feedback

Question 59

when K channels are activated it reduces the stimuli, what is this a example of

Answer 59

negative feedback

Question 60

what happens in the refractory period

Answer 60

Na channels are inactivates and no stimuli can cause a 2nd AP

Question 61

what factor of nerve cells mean passive signals do not pass far from site of origin

Answer 61

they are leaky

Question 62

what do schwann cells do

Answer 62

wrap around axon to provide insulation, providing a myelin sheath

Question 63

what is saltatory conduction

Answer 63

AP's jumping between gaps in myelinated schwann cells