Histology Flashcards
(153 cards)
1
Q
Plasmalemma / cell membrane components
A
Lipid bilayer (including phospholipids and cholesterol)
Membrane associated proteins
Glycocalyx
2
Q
Plasma membrane functions
A
Acts as physical barrier to enclose cell contents
Regulates material movement in and out
Establishes and maintains electrical charge difference
Functions in cell communication
3
Q
Passive processes
A
Movement of substances down a concentration gradient due to kinetic energy of substance
No expenditure of cellular energy is required
Continues until equilibrium is reached.
4
Q
Simple diffusion
A
Unassisted net movement of small, nonpolar substances down concentration gradient across across selectively permeable membrane
Passive process
5
Q
Facilitated diffusion
A
Movement of ions and small, polar molecules down concentration gradient,
Assisted across selectively permeable membrane by transport protein.
Passive process
6
Q
Channel mediated diffusion
A
Passive facilitated diffusion
Movement of ion down its concentration gradient through protein channel
7
Q
Carrier mediated diffusion
A
Passive facilitated diffusion
Movement of small polar molecule down concentration gradient by carrier protein
8
Q
Osmosis
A
Diffusion of water across selectively permeable membrane
Direction is determined by relative solute concentrations
Continues until equilibrium is reached
9
Q
Active processes
A
Movement of ions or small molecules across membrane against a concentration gradient by transmembrane protein pumps
10
Q
Primary active transport
A
Movement. Of substance up its concentration gradient
Powered directly by ATP
Active transport
11
Q
Secondary active transport
A
Movement of substance up its concentration gradient powered by harnessing movement of a second substance down its concentration gradient
Active transport
12
Q
Symport
A
Movement of substance up its concentration gradient is in same direction as na+
Active transport
13
Q
Antiport
A
Active transport
Movement of substance up its concentration gradient in the opposite direction as na+
14
Q
Vesicular transport
A
Vesicle formed or lost as material is brought into a cell or released from cell.
15
Q
Exocytosis
A
Vesicular transport
Bulk movement of substance out of cell by fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane
16
Q
Endocytosis
A
Vesicular transport
Bulk movement of substances into cell by vesicles forming at the plasma membrane.
17
Q
Phagocytosis
A
Vesicular transport
Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as particulate materials external to the cell are engulfed by pseudopodia
18
Q
Pinocytosis
A
Vesicular transport
Type of endocytosis in which vesicles are formed as interstitial fluid is taken up by cell
19
Q
Receptor mediated endocytosis
A
Vesicular transport
Type of endocytosis is which plasma membrane receptors first bind specific substances
Receptor and bound substance then taken up by cell
20
Q
Cytoplasm structures
A
Cytosol
Organelles
Cytoskeleton
Inclusions (insoluble granules)
21
Q
Cytoplasm
A
Contents of cells between plasma membrane and nuclear envelope
22
Q
Cytoplasm function
A
Provides support for organelles
Serves as viscous fluid medium through which diffusion occurs.
23
Q
Organelles
A
Membrane ground and non membrane bound structures
24
Q
Organelles function
A
Carry out specific metabolic activities of the cell
25
Rough endplasmic reticulum
Modifies, transports, and stores proteins produced by attached ribosomes
Proteins are secreted, become components of plasma membrane or serve as enzymes of lysosomes
26
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Extensive interconnected membrane lacking ribosomes
27
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function
Synthesizes, transports and stores lipids (steroids),
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs, alcohol and poisons
Forms vesicles and peroxisomes
28
Golgi apparatus function
Modifies, packages, and sorts materials that arrive from ER in transport vesicles,
Forms secretory vesicles and lysosomes
29
Vesicles
Spherical shaped membrane bound sacs
| Contain various types of materials to be transported through cell
30
Vesicle function
Transport cellular material
31
Lysosomes
Spherical shaped membrane bound organelles formed from Golgi apparatus
Contain digestive enzymes
32
Peroxisomes
Smaller spherical shaped membrane bound organelles formed from ER or through fission
Contain oxidative enzymes
33
Lysosome function
Digest microbes or materials (ingested by cell, worn out cellular components or entire cell)
34
Mitochondria function
Synthesizes most ATP during aerobic cellular respiration by digestion of fuel molecules in the presence of oxygen.
35
Ribosomes function
Engage in protein synthesis
Bound ribosomes produce proteins that are secreted, incorporated into plasma membrane and within lysosomes
Free ribosomes produce proteins used within the cell
36
Cytoskeleton
Organized network of protein filaments and hollow tubes, including microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules
37
Cytoskeleton function
maintains intracellular support and organization of cells
Participates in cell division
Facilitates movement
38
Microfilaments
Actin protein monomers organized into 2 thin intertwined protein filaments (actin filaments)
39
Microfilaments function
| 5
```
Maintain cell shape
Support microvilli
Separate two cells during cytokinesis
Facilitate change in cell shape
Participate in muscle contraction
```
40
Intermediate filaments function
Provide structural support
| Stabilize junctions between cells
41
Microtubules
Hollow cylinders composed of tubulin
42
Microtubules function
```
Maintain cell shape and rigidity
Organize and move organelles
Support cilia and flagella
Participate in vesicular transport
Separate chromosomes during cell division
```
43
Centrosome
Amorphous region adjacent to nucleus.
| Contains a pair of centrioles
44
Centrosome function
Organizes microtubules
| Participates in mitosis spindle formation during cell division
45
Proteasomes function
Degrade and digest damaged or unneeded proteins
| Ensure quality of exported proteins
46
Inclusions functions
Serve as temporary storage
47
Tissues
Aggregate of cells and their extracellular matrix of common embryonic origin
Organized to perform a specific function(s)
48
General cellular activity
| Synthesize and secrete components of the extracellular matrix
Specialized cell
| Fibroblasts, cells of bone and cartilage
49
General cellular activity
| Convert physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials
Specialized cells
| Neurons and sensory cells
50
General cellular activity
| Intracellular digestion
Specialized cells
| Macrophages and neutrophils
51
Extracellular matrix composed of
Ground substance
| Protein fibers
52
Major tissue types
Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Connective
53
Epithelial tissue
Covers body surfaces, lines body cavities and internal tubes, and forms glands
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Muscular tissue
Contractile cells responsible for movement
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Nervous tissue
Receives, transmits and integrates info to modulate body activity via electrical impulses
56
Connective tissue
Supports other three types of tissue
57
Hollow organ wall
```
Concentric layers of 3-4 tissues
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscular layers
Serous/ adventitia
```
58
Mucosa
Epithelium with an underlying ct
59
Submucosa
Supportive ct with blood vessels, lymphatic, and nerves
60
Solid organ organization
Parenchyma
Storma
Capsule
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Parenchyma
Functional part of solid organ
Bulk of tissue making up organ
Most commonly glandular epithelium
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Stroma
Supportive parts of solid organ
Supportive connective tissues
Nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics
63
Tissue preparation steps
Fixing
Processing
Staining
64
Fixing of tissue preparation
Hardens tissue and prevents/ delays degradation
65
Staining
| Tissue preparation
Provides contrast between constituents of tissue
66
simple squamous epithelial locations
lining of vessels (endothelieum), serous lining of cavities, pericardium, pleura, peritoneum (mesothelieum)
67
simple cuboidal epithelial locations
covering the ovary, thyroid
68
simple columnar epithelial locations
lining of intestine and gallbladder
69
simple squamous epithelial functions
facilitates movement of viscera, active transport by pinocytosis, secretion of biologically active molecules
70
simple cuboidal epithelial functions
covering, secreting
71
simple columnar epithelial functions
protection, lubrication, absorption, secretion
72
stratified squamous keratinized locations
epidermis
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stratified squamous keratinized functions
protection, prevents water loss
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stratified squamous nonkeratinized locations
mouth, esophagus, larynx, vagina, anal canal
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stratified squamous nonkeratinized functions
protection, secretion, prevents water loss
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stratified cuboidal epithelial locations
sweat glands, developing ovarian follicles
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stratified cuboidal epithelial functions
protection, secretion
78
stratified transitional epithelial locations
bladder, ureters, renal calyces
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stratified transitional epithelial functions
protection, distensibility
80
stratified columnar epithelial locations
conjunctiva
81
stratified columnar epithelial functions
protection
82
pseudostratified epithelial locations
lining of trachea bronchi nasal cavity
83
pseudostratified epithelial functions
protection, secretion, cilia mediated transport of particles trapped in mucus
84
keratinized cells
no nuclei. dead cells at pushed to apical surface
85
umbrella cells are found where? what is so special about them?
they are found in transitional epithelium (bladder) they are have a domed appearance when they are collapsed, but are able to stretch when bladder is full
86
what makes up a cilia?
inside the core are microtubules in a 9+2 fashion
87
how do cilia move
they have 2 motor proteins - actin and dyein
88
stereolivilli
nonmotile
mobile
in inner ear
89
microvilli purpose
increase surface area
90
plicae
interdigiated infoldings of the lateral membrane
| increase surface area for more cellular transportation
91
basement membrane
thin dense ecm under the basal domain
92
what purpose does the basement membrane serve
it binds the basal domain to the underlying ct
a barrier to downward growth
permits movement of nutrients, metabolites etc between the epithelium and the ct
facilitates selective permeability
93
what are the 4 cell to cell junctions
zonula occludens
zonula adherins
maula adherins
gap junctions
94
zonula occludens
tight junctions
95
zonula adherins
adherins belt all around the cell
96
macula adherins
desomosome
97
gap junctions
nexus
98
hemidesomosomes
similar to desomosomes of lateral domain but on the basal domain
99
cell to basement junctions
hemidesmosomes
| focal adhesions
100
basal folding
similar to lateral domain's plicae. folding to increase surface area
101
tight junctions major functions
seals adjacent cells to one another
controls passage of molecules between them
separates apical and basolateral domains
102
adherens junction major functions
provides points linking the cytoskeletons of adjacent cells
| strengthens and stabilizes nearby tight junctions
103
desmosome major functions
provides points of strong intermediate filament coupling between adjacent cells
strengthens the tissue
104
hemidesmosome major functions
anchors cytoskeleton to the basal lamina
105
gap junction major functions
allows direct transfer of small molecules and ions to one another
106
glycocalyx
part of cell membrane
glycolipid
useful for cell interactions
107
can water pass through cell membrane
yes, very slowly. aquaporins make the process quicker
108
what can pass through the cell membrane
small nonpolar lipid soluble molecules
water
small polar
109
what are the general functions of epithelial tissues
line body surfaces, cavities, and lumens
protection
selective barrier
secretory products
110
what are general histological characteristics of epithelial tissues
closely apposed cells with little ecm
basement membrane
polarity
avascular
111
mesothelium
lines body cavity
112
endothelium
lines heart, blood vessels and lymphatic ducts
113
epithelium
lines body wall glands and remainng structures with lumen
114
general functions of muscular tissue
contractions provide movement of appendages or content within viscera/ vessels
115
general histological characteristics of muscular tissue
cytoplasm is highly organized contractile proteins
| myofibrils aligned parallel to each other
116
skeletal muscle functional characteristics
```
initiate movement (concentric)
resist movement (eccentric)
maintain position (isomeric)
```
117
histological charactersistics of skeletal muscle
contractile proteins arranged in cross striated patterns visible in lm
muscle fivers long with multiple nuclei located peripherally
118
functional characteristics of cardiac muscle
involuntary forces of heart
myogenic contractions
directional ovement of blood through heart
119
histological characteristics of cardiac muscles
cross striated pattens
short branched fibers with single central nuclei
ntercalated discs join adjacent muscles
120
functional characteristics of smooth muscle
involuntary contractile forces of viscera
| constriction/ dilation of hollow organs
121
histological characteristics of smooth muscle
contractile proteins arranged, unstriated
| elongated muscle fibers with single central nuclei
122
general connective tissue functional characteristics
underlies or surrounds tissues to provide mechanical, metabolic or functional support
123
general histological characteristics of connective tissue
extracellular matrix with large protein fibers predominate
| cells are often sparsely distributed
124
ct proper subtypes
dense ct - many proteins
| loose ct - few proteins
125
fibroblast
produce extracellular fibers and ground substance
126
collagen fibers
resist tensile forces.
| in connective tissue proper
127
reticular fibers
found in reticular loose ct and basal membrane of epithelium
128
elastic fibers
of ct proper
| compliant to tensile forces but return to resting length when unloaded
129
ground substances of ecm of ct proper
3 types of hydrophilic macrmolecules that keep grd substances well hydrated
gags
proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins
130
functional characteristics of loose ct
supports microvasculature nerves, immune defense cells
131
histological characteristics of loose ct
ground substance is a major component
few fibers randomly oriented
lots of various cells
132
common locations of loose ct
lamina propria of gi
| mesenteries
133
functional characteristics of dense irregular ct
protection and support
| resist tearing
134
histological characteristics of dense irregular ct
little ground substance
lots of collagen randomly oriented
few cells, mostly fibroblasts
135
commmon locations of dense irregular ct
dermis
| submucosa layer of gi
136
functional characteristics of dense regular ct
connection within musculoskeletal system
| resists tearing
137
histological characteristics of dense regular ct
almost no ground substance
almost all collagen fibers - parallel orientation
few cells, mostly fibroblasts aligned with collagen
138
common locations of dense regular ct
ligaments
tendons
aponeuroses
submucosa layer
139
secretory epithelium subtypes
endocrine
| exocrine
140
endocrine
ductless glands that release their products into the blood stream
141
exocrine glands
maintain connection to free surface
| directly or via duct
142
unicellular exocrine
reside within surface of epithelum
| goblet cells
143
multicellular exocrine
invaginate into underlying ct with duct to transport secretory products
144
secretory mechanisms of exocrine glands
merocrine
holocrine
apocrine
145
merocrine
membrane bound vesicle fuses to apical membrane and releases product to lumen
146
holocrine
secretory product builds up in cytoplasm
| apoptosis releases product
147
apocrine
secretory product with some cytoplasm is released within envelope of plasm membrane
148
exocrine cell signaling types
endocrine
paracrine
autocrine
149
endocrine
molecules enter blood stream and are carried off into distance
150
paracrine
molecules act on neighboring cells without entering blood stream
151
autocrine
molecules bind to own receptors, often initiating negative feedback to regulate own secretion
152
exocrine gland classifications based on morphological features
duct portion
secretory portion complexity
secretory portion shape
153
acinar
roughly spherical
