Histology Flashcards
(116 cards)
1
Q
What is the inner cytosol?
A
Solution of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates
2
Q
What is a cytoskeleton made of?
A
Thin, intermediate filaments and microtubules
3
Q
Role of the plasmalemma?
A
Separates plasma from outside environment
4
Q
Describe the arrangement of the phospholipid bilayer/plasmalemma?
A
Hydrophilic heads at outer and inner surfaces and hydrophobic tails at centre surrounding protein structure
5
Q
What is the plasmalemma made up of?
A
Integral proteins
Embedded cholesterol
Phospholipid bilayer
6
Q
What can the plasmalemma do?
A
Exocytose and endocytose material
7
Q
The plasmalemma is impermeable. True or False?
A
FALSE
Selectively permeable
8
Q
Organelles in he cytoplasm?
A
Mitochondria RER SER Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Nucleus
9
Q
Role of mitochondria?
A
Generate ATP
Synthesis of certain lipids and proteins
10
Q
Role of RER?
A
Protein synthesis
11
Q
Role of SER?
A
Cholesterol and lipid synthesis/ detoxification
12
Q
Role of golgi apparatus?
A
Modification and packaging of secretions
13
Q
Role of lysozomes?
A
Hydrolytic enzymes of intracellular digestion
14
Q
Role of nucleus?
A
Contains genetic code
15
Q
Width and substance of microfilaments?
A
7nm
Actin
16
Q
Width and substance of intermediate filaments?
A
> 10nm
Composed of proteins
17
Q
Width and substance of microtubules?
A
25nm
Composed of tubulin
18
Q
Where do microtubules originate from?
A
Centrosome
19
Q
Which substances attach to microtubules and move along?
A
Dynein and kinesin
20
Q
What is on the outer nuclear membrane?
A
Ribosomes
21
Q
What is the site of RNA synthesis?
A
Nucleus= mRNA, tRNA and rRNA
22
Q
Where is rRNA synthesized?
A
Nucleolus
23
Q
Where are ribosomes formed?
A
In the nucleus
24
Q
What is the role of ribosomes and its make up for this?
A
Small subunit which binds RNA and large subunit which catalyses formation of peptide bonds
25
What happens in RER?
Protein synthesis
| Initiation of glycoprotein formation
26
What happens in SER?
Continues processing of proteins from RER
| Site of lipid synthesis
27
What consists of the Golgi apparatus?
Composed of a group of flattened membrane bound cisternae
28
What happens in the golgi apparatus?
Transport vesicles arrive at golgi from SER
| Modifies & packages macromolecules from SER
29
What is the membrane in mitochondria folded to form?
Cristae
30
Types of intracellular junctions?
Occluding/Tight junctions
Anchoring junctions (desmosomes/hemidesmosomes/adherant)
Communicating/Gap junctions
31
What is role of occluding junctions and their other name?
Tight junctions
- Link cells to form diffusion barrier
- Prevent diffusion
32
Role of anchoring junctions?
Provide mechanical strength
33
Adherent junctions role?
Link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells
34
Role of desomsomes?
Link submembrane intermediate filaments of adjacent cells
35
Hemidesmosomes?
Link submembrane intermediate filaments of cells to extracellular matrix through transmembrane proteins
36
Role of communicating junctions and their other name?
Allow movement of molecules between cells
| Gap junctions
37
Where are Gap junctions found?
Epithelium, but also in smooth muscle and cardiac muscle
38
Structure of Communicating junction?
Circular patch studded with pores (produced by connexion proteins)
39
Process of endocytosis?
Membrane invaginates, fuses and a newly made endocytotic vesicle buds into cell
40
How is endocytosis mediated?
Receptors
41
Process of phagocytosis?
Bacteria binds to cell surface
Cell engulfs it to form phagosome
Binds with lysozome containing digestive enzymes
42
Common stain?
H&E
43
What is H&E?
Haematoxylin- purple basic dye
| Eosin- pink acidic dye
44
4 basic tissues types?
Epithelium
Connective tissue
Muscle
Nervous tissue
45
What tissue type forms glands?
Epithelium
46
What do all types of epithelium have?
Basal lamina
47
Epithelium is non-vascular. True or False?
TRUE
48
Is epithelium usually polarised?
YES
| Apical and basal sides differ
49
Functions of epithelium?
```
Mechanical and chemical barrier
Absorption
Secretion
Containment
Locomotion
```
50
3 classifications of cell types?
Squamos - flattened
Cuboidal - cube
Columnar -Tall & thin
51
How many layers in simple epithelium?
- 1 layer
52
How many layers in pseudostratified epithelium?
Tissue appears to have multiples layers
53
Stratified epithelium contains 3 or more layers? True or False
FALSE
| 2 or more
54
Cell/tissue surface specializations?
Prominent microvilli
Cilia
Keratinised
55
Where is product secreted in Endocrine glandular epithelium? And how?
Towards basal end of cell
Distributed by vascular system
Ductless glands
56
Exocrine glandular epithelium distribution of secretion and gland type?
Product secreted towards apical end of cell
| Ducted glands
57
What is the role of connective tissue?
Forms the framework of the body, dynamic role in development, growth and homeostasis of tissues and energy storage (fat)
58
3 types of connective tissue?
Soft connective tissue
Hard connective tissue
Blood and lymph
59
Examples of soft connective tissue?
```
Tendons
Ligaments
Mesentery
Stoma of organs
Dermis of skin
```
60
What is dense regular soft connective tissue compared to irregular?
Fibres alligned in regular
| Fibres run in many directions in irregular
61
Examples of hard connective tissue?
Bone and cartilage
62
3 types of cartilage?
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
63
Examples of hyaline cartilage?
Articular cartilage
Tracheal rings
Costal cartilage
Epiphyseal growth plates
64
Connective tissue consists of?
Fibres- collagen, reticular and elastic fibres
Ground substance
Tissue fluid
Cells (adipose tissue, fibroblasts, osteocytes, chondrocytes)
65
What is muscle force?
Movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres?
66
3 types of muscle?
Cardiac
Smooth
Skeletal
67
Describe smooth muscle?
Involuntary and non-striated
68
Describe skeletal muscle?
Voluntary and striated
Multinucleated
(nuclei are elongated and located at the periphery)
69
Describe cardiac muscle?
Involuntary and striated
Have intercalated discs
Contains multiple intercellular junctions to maintain mechanical integrity
70
Which muscle types are striated?
Cardiac and skeletal
71
Which muscle types are involuntary?
Cardiac and smooth
72
Which muscle types are multinucleated?
Skeletal
73
What does nervous tissue consist of?
Neurons and their supporting cells (glia)
74
What is the role of nervous tissue?
Control function and allows for rapid communication between different parts of the body
75
What is nervous tissue surrounded by?
Connective tissue coat
76
What Nervous system are meninges found in ?
CNS
77
Which type of connective tissue is in the PNS?
Epineurium
78
Types of glia?
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Schwann cells
79
Role of astrocytes?
Support and ion transport
80
Role of oligodendrocytes?
Produce myelin
81
Role of Microglia?
Provide immune surveillance
82
Role of schwann cells?
Produces myelin and supports axons in the PNS
83
Salivary glands in the GI tract?
Parotid
Sub-mandibular
Sublingual
84
The ducts in GI system are striated. True or False?
TRUE
85
4 major layers from oesophagus to anus?
Mucosa
Sub-mucosa
Muscularis mucosa
Serosa/adventitia
86
Layers of mucosa in GI tract?
Epithelium- sits on basal lamina
Lamina propria - loose connective tissue
Muscularis mucosae - Thin layer of smooth muscle
87
Describe the sub-mucosa of GI tract?
Loose connective tissue
88
How many layers of muscle in the muscularis mucosae?
```
2 layers (thick)
Inner circular and outer is longitudinal
```
89
Role of serosa?
Outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends digestive tract or attaches to other organs
90
Where is non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium in the body?
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Anal Canal
91
What type of mucosa is the mucosa in the anal canal?
Protective mucosa
| non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
92
Describe absorptive mucosa and where you would find it?
Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands
| SI
93
Where would secretory mucosa be found and how does it differ from absorptive?
Found in stomach
| DOESN'T have villi
94
Where would you find protective and absorptive mucosa?
Large intestine
| Just tubular glands and simple columnar epithelium
95
Outer longitudnal muscle of Large intestine, what is special about it?
NOT continuous
| Found in 3 muscular strips called teniae coli
96
What is he Digestive tract nervous tissue?
Enteric nervous system
97
What is the ENS?
Ganglia between 2 muscle layers that make up muscularis externa
98
What epithelium lines the trachea?
Respiratory epithelium
99
Differences between bronhci and bronchioles?
```
Bronchus= large diameter airways with hyaline cartilage in their wall
Bronchioles= Small airways, no cartilage, mainly smooth muscle
```
100
What are alveoli lined by?
Simple squamous epithelium
101
Ratio of cells: plasma in blood?
45% cells and 55% plasma
102
Lifespan of a red blood cell?
4 months
103
Types of WBC?
```
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes
```
104
Layers of an artery?
Tunica Adventitia - Supporting connective tissue
Tunica Media - Smooth muscle
Tunica Intima - endothelial cells
105
What is endothelium?
Simple squamous epithelium of blood vessels
106
Structure of an arterioles?
1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle in tunica media and almost no adventitia
107
Capillaries consist of?
Endothelial cells, pericytes and a basal lamina
108
What are pericytes and where are they?
Connective tissue cells + contractile properties
| Capillaries
109
3 types of capillaries?
Fenestrated
Continuous
Sinusoidal
110
Where are fenestrated capillaries? What do they have?
Gut mucosa, endocrine glads, kidneys
| Pores
111
Where are continuous capillaries?
Muscle, nerve, lung, skin
112
What is special about sinusoidal capillaries?
Have large gaps
113
Where are sinusoidal capillaries?
Liver, spleen & bone marrow
114
What do venules consist of?
Endothelium and pericytes
115
What differs in large veins compared to small veins?
Large veins have thick tunica adventitia
116
What is the structure of veins?
Tunica intima
Thin continuous tunica media
Few layers of smooth muscle cells
