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Principles Collated Flashcards > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Variolation definition?

A

Exposure of an individual to the contents of dried small pox pustules from an infected patient

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2
Q

Causes for the emergence of new infectious diseases?

A

Global Village-increased mobility
Population growth- proximity, sanitation
Changes in human behaviour
Changes in dynamics of other infections- increased TB prevalance has lead to more TB cases
Loss of natural habitat- from rainforests
Interactions of pathogens with humans- resistance

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3
Q

3 barriers to infection?

A

Skin
Mucous
Commensal bacteria

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4
Q

How is skin a barrier to infection?

A

Physical barrier
Physiological factors (low pH)
Sebaceous glands secrete hydrophobic oils
Lysozomes

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5
Q

How is mucous a barrier to infection?

A

Secretory IgA
Enzymes
Cilia trap pathogens and remove mucous

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6
Q

How is commensal bacteria a barrier to infection?

A

Compete with pathogens for scarce resources

  • Produce anti-microbial short chain fatty acids
  • Compete for essential nutrients
  • Reduction in pH of bowel
  • Synthesis of vits K
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7
Q

Briefly describe the innate immune response in its response time and type of response?

A 
Rapid response (0-4 hours)
General response
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8
Q

What cells does the innate response involve?

A

Mast cells
NK cells
Phagocytes
Complement

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9
Q

What are the cells in the immune response responsible for?

A

Acute inflammation

Killing of pathogens

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10
Q

What molecules does the innate immune system rely on?

A

PAMPs:PRRs

PRRs detect PAMPs

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11
Q

What is a PAMP?

A

Pathogen associated molecular pattern

Detected by PRRs

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12
Q

What is a PRR?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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13
Q

Which immune response are PAMPs:PRRs involved in?

A

Innate

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14
Q

Briefly describe the adaptive immune system in its response time and type of response?

A 
Slow response (4-96 hours)
Unique response
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15
Q

Which two molecules are involved mainly in the adaptive immune response?

A

Antigens are received by antigen receptors

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16
Q

Cells of the adaptive immune system?

A

Phagocytes
Lymphocytes
Eosinophils, mast cells & basophils

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17
Q

Which types of phagocytes are involved in the adaptive immune system?

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

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18
Q

What is the role of phagocytes?

A

Ingest and kill bacteria

Important source of cytokines

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19
Q

Types of lymphocytes in the adaptive immune response?

A

T cells
B cells
NK cells

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20
Q

What is the role of eosinophils, basophils and mast cells in adaptive immune response? What type of cells are they?

A

Release chemicals for acute inflammation

Granular cells

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21
Q

Soluble/humoral factors of the adaptive immune system?

A

Antibodies

Complement proteins

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22
Q

Antibodies in the blood are also referred to as?

A

Immunoglobins

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23
Q

When are antibodies produced in the adaptive immune response?

A

In response to an antigen

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24
Q

What is the role of complement proteins?

A

Critical role in inflammation and defence

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25
Components of the adaptive immune system?
Cells + Soluble factors Cells= phagocytes, lymphocytes, eosinophils/basophils/mast cells Soluble factors= AB's & Complement proteins
26
Where are mast cells found and what is their role?
Reside in tissues | Protect mucosal surfaces
27
What happens when mast cells degranulate?
Release histamine and tryptase | Then gene expression causes production of new pro-inflammatory substances eg chemokines, TNF, leukotrienes
28
Role of baso/eosinophils?
Circulate in blood and are recruited to sites of infection
29
Where are neutrophils in the body?
Circulate in blood
30
Role of neutrophils?
Short-lived professional killer cells Rapidly recruited to inflamed and infected tissues PAMP recognition and activation
31
3 mechanisms how neutrophils attack pathogens?
- Phagocytosis - Release of antimicrobial peptides and degradative proteases - Generate extracellular traps
32
What do active neutrophils produce?
TNF
33
What makes up pus?
Dead/dying neutrophils Tissue cells Microbial debris
34
What are monocytes?
Precursors of macrophages
35
What do monocytes do?
Limit inflammation | Involved in tissue repair and wound healing
36
Where do macrophages reside?
In tissues
37
What do macrophages do?
``` Ingest and kill EXTRAcellular pathogens Clear debris from dead tissue cells Tissue repair and wound healing Antigen presentation Inflammation ```
38
What are dendritic cells?
Immature cells in peripheral tissues
39
When do dendritic cells mature?
When in contact with a pathogen, they mature to secondary lymphoid tissues and stimulate adaptive response
40
What are NK cells?
Natural killer cells | Large granular lymphocytes
41
What do NK cells do?
Specifically kill tumour and virally infected cells | -Can also kill antibody bound cells
42
Role of B cells?
Produce antibodies
43
Role of T cells?
Defence against pathogens
44
What are helper T cells?
Regulators of the immune system | Activate other immune cells
45
Role of cytoxic T cells?
Kill virally infected body cells
46
What are T helper cells otherwise known as?
CD4+ cells
47
What are cytoxic T cells otherwise known as?
CD8+
48
What do T cells and B cells become?
effector cells or memory cells
49
Where is the site of luekocyte development?
Primary lymphoid tissue | Red bone marrow & thymus
50
What occurs at secondary lymphoid tissue?
Site where adaptive immune response is initiated | eg tonsils, lymph nodes, spleen
51
What is the mechanism of direct contact in the immune system?
Receptor- ligand interactions
52
Indirect communication in the immune system?
Production and secretion of cytokines
53
When are cytokines produced in response to?
Infection, inflammation and tissue damage
54
What to cytokines do?
Coordinate the immune system by modulating cell behaviour
55
Examples of cytokines?
Interferons = anti-viral function TNF= Pro-inflammatory Chemokines = Control and direct cell migration Interleukins- various functions dependant on which IL it is
56
Function of IL2?
T cell proliferation
57
Function of IL10?
Anti-inflammatory
58
What does TNF stand for?
Tumour necrosis factor
59
Local effects of acute inflammation?
``` Redness Heat Swelling Pain Loss of function Fever (systemic) ```
60
Phases of the innate immune response?
Recognition phase- PRRs & PAMPs Activation phase Effector phase
61
What does the liver produce in response to pro-inflammatory cytokines? Give examples of the cytokines. What is this response called?
Acute phase proteins IL1, IL6, TNF Acute phase response
62
What is the acute phase response for?
Infection Trauma Chronic inflammation
63
Examples of acute phase proteins?
CRP Complement proteins - C3, C4, mannose-binding lectin Serum amyloid A
64
Cells associated with cell-mediated immunity?
ABs B cells T cells Dendritic cells
65
Examples of secondary lymphoid tissues?
Spleen Tonsils Lymph nodes
66
Cells associated with the innate immune system?
``` Macrophages Mast cells Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Dendritic cells Complement system NK cells ```
67
Cells associated with adaptive immune system?
T cells B cells Dendritic cells ABs
68
Primary lymphoid tissues?
Bone marrow | Thymus
69
Associated with humoral (body fluids) mediated immunity?
Complement system | ABs
70
What is the complement system?
Family of proteins produced in the liver that circulate in the blood They enter infected and inflammed tissues
71
3 pathways in the complement system?
Classical pathway Lectin pathway Alternative pathway
72
What is C3 cleaved into?
C3a & C3b
73
Functions of the complement system?
``` Membrane attack complex Opsonisation Chemotaxis Clearance of immune complexes Inflammation ```
74
What is opsonisation?
Coating of microorganisms by immune proteins (opsonins) | This enhances phagocytosis
75
Examples of opsonins?
C3b, CRP, ABs
76
Explain complement mediated lysis?
C5b binds to pathogen surface | C6, C7, C8, C9 +C5b= membrane attack complex
77
What consists of a membrane attack complex?
C6, C7, C8, C9 +C5b
78
Explain complement mediated inflammation and chemotaxis?
C3a and C5a bind to receptors on mast cells/basophils and release granules which produce histamine and chemokines
79
What do antigens do?
Cause adaptive immune response by activatin B/T cells
80
How do B and T cells recognize a pathogen?
T cell antigen receptor | B cell antigen receptor
81
Describe a B cell antigen receptor?
Membrane bound antibody (IgM or IgD) | It has light and heavy chain and disulphide bridges
82
Describe a T cell antigen receptor?
Membrane bound heterodimer | Has alpha and beta chain
83
How do T/B cells find pathogens?
By secondary lymphoid tissues
84
Process of activating B/T cells?
MHC/HLA proteins display peptide antigens to T cells Class 1= Expressed on all nucleated cells- present peptide antigens to cytoxic T cells Class 2 = Expressed only on dendritic cells. macrophages and B cells- present peptide antigens to helper T cells
85
What do B cells produce in response to an antigen?
Immunoglobins
86
What are the variable regions in immunoglobins for?
Antigen binding sites
87
5 Types of Immunoglobins?
``` IgG IgM IgA IgE IgD ```
88
IgG?
Most abundant | Actively transported across the placenta
89
IgM?
Surface bound monomer | 1st Ig type produced during an immune response
90
IgD?
Extremely low levels in blood, surface bound
91
IgE?
Extremely low levels normally, produced in allergic reactions
92
IgA?
2nd most abundant type, monomeric form in blood, dimeric form in breast milk, saliva, tears, mucosal secretions
93
What is the most abundant Immunoglobin?
IgG
94
1st Ig produced in an immune response?
IgM
95
What Igs do mothers give to babies?
Dimeric IgA and IgG
96
Function of IGs?
Recognition function: binding to antigen mediated by variable region sites Effector functions: Clearance mechanisms mediated interaction of constant region with effector molecules
97
What is agglutination?
Immune complex formation
98
What happens in B cell activation/differentiaion?
Either become plasma cells which produce ABs or memory B cells
99
What is germinal centre reaction?
B cell proliferation AB heavy chain switching Generation of high affinity ABs Differentiation into plasma cells & Memory B cells

Principles Collated Flashcards (13 decks)

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