Histology

Question 1

What are organelles?

Answer 1

Membrane bound proteins that are essential for life

Question 2

What are inclusions?

Answer 2

Proteins that are not membrane bound and non-essential

Question 3

What are embedded in the cell membrane?

Answer 3

Integral, peripheral and transverse proteins

Cholesterol

Question 4

What is the difference between euchromatic and heterochromatic nuclei?

Answer 4

Euchromatic - dispersed, actively transcribed

Heterochromatic - condensed, not actively transcribed

Question 5

What is the other term for tight/occluding junctions?

Answer 5

Zonula occludens

Question 6

What is the function of tight/occluding junctions?

Answer 6

Barrier that prevents diffusion

Question 7

What is the function of anchoring junctions?

Answer 7

Anchor epithelial cells to the space they’re meant to be in

Question 8

What is the function of zonula adherens?

Answer 8

Anchoring junctions that link actin bundles

Question 9

What is the function of macula adherens?

Answer 9

Desmosomes -link intermediate filaments of adjacent cells

Question 10

What is the function of communicating/gap junctions?

Answer 10

Selective diffusion

Question 11

What is an example of where gap junctions are important?

Answer 11

Smooth muscle for excitation spread

Question 12

What is the main staining called?

Answer 12

Haematoxylin and Eosin

Question 13

What do H&E stain, and what colour do they stain them?

Answer 13

Haemotoxylin - stains acids purple/blue

Eosin - stains bases pink/red

Question 14

What are the functions of epithelium?

Answer 14

Barrier
Absorption/secretion
Containment
Locomotion

Question 15

What are the subclasses of epithelium shape?

Answer 15

Squamous
Cuboidal
Columnar

Question 16

What are at the subclasses of epithelial organisation?

Answer 16

Simple
Stratified
Pseudostratified

Question 17

What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Answer 17

Endocrine secretes into a vessel

Exocrine secretes into everything else

Question 18

What are the two types of connective tissue?

Answer 18

Soft and hard

Question 19

What cells are present in the connective tissue?

Answer 19

Fibroblasts
Adipose
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes

Question 20

What are the types of soft connective tissue?

Answer 20

Loose
Dense regular
Dense irregular

Question 21

What does hard connective tissue make up?

Answer 21

Cartilage

Bone

Question 22

What are the different types of muscle?

Answer 22

Smooth
Skeletal
Cardiac

Question 23

What is the structure of smooth muscle?

Answer 23

No striation
Involuntary
Vascular

Question 24

What is the structure of skeletal muscle?

Answer 24

Striated
Voluntary
Multi-nucleated

Question 25

What is the structure of cardiac muscle?

Answer 25

Striated Single nucleus Intercalated discs at cell-cell attachments

Question 26

What do nerves consist of?

Answer 26

Neurones + glia surrounded by meninges or epineurium

Question 27

What are glia?

Answer 27

Neuron support cells

Question 28

What are the different types of nerves, and what are their structures?

Answer 28

Multipolar - many dendrites, one axon Bipolar - one dendrite, one axon Pseudo-unipolar -short process gives rise to axon in both directions

Question 29

What is the order of the layers of blood vessels, from innermost to outermost?

Answer 29

Tunica intima Tunica media Tunica adventitia

Question 30

What type of epithelium makes up the layers of blood vessels?

Answer 30

Intima - simple squamous epithelium Media - smooth muscle Adventitia - connective tissue

Question 31

What separates the layers of blood vessels?

Answer 31

Internal and external elastic membrane

Question 32

What are elastic arteries?

Answer 32

Larger arteries where a significant amount of smooth muscle has been replaced by elastic fibres

Question 33

What are the subtypes of capillaries, and examples of when they are used?

Answer 33

Continuous (muscle, nerve lung, skin) Fenestrated (gut, mucosa, kidney) Discontinuous/sinusoidal (liver, spleen)

Question 34

What is the flow of blood in capillaries controlled by?

Answer 34

Pre-capillary sphincters

Question 35

How does the adventitia and media of veins compare to arteries?

Answer 35

Veins have thicker adventitia and less smooth muscle in media

Question 36

Do small or large veins have valves?

Answer 36

Small

Question 37

45% of blood is plasma, true or false?

Answer 37

False - 55%

Question 38

What is plasma made of?

Answer 38

Water (90%) Nutrients and salt Proteins

Question 39

What are the categories of blood cells?

Answer 39

RBCs WBCs Platelets

Question 40

What is an example of red blood cells?

Answer 40

Erythrocytes

Question 41

What are the two categories of WBCs?

Answer 41

Granulocytes | Agranulocytes

Question 42

Which WBCs are granulocytes and which are agranulocytes?

Answer 42

Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils Agranulocytes: monocytes and macrophages, lymphocytes

Question 43

How are platelets produced?

Answer 43

By megakaryocytes in bone marrow

Question 44

Do platelets have a nucleus?

Answer 44

No

Question 45

What do neutrophils look like?

Answer 45

Prominent, multi-lobed nuclei Don't stain well Granules

Question 46

What do eosinophils look like?

Answer 46

Bi-lobed nucleus Stain pink Granules

Question 47

What do basophils look like?

Answer 47

Bi-lobed nucleus, but can be obscured by granules | Stain purple

Question 48

What do monocytes look like?

Answer 48

Kidney bean nucleus | Stain purple

Question 49

What do lymphocytes look like>

Answer 49

Large round nucleus | Thin cytoplasm

Question 50

What is the function of neutrophils and where do they reside?

Answer 50

Circle inactivated until inflammation stimulates entry into tissue If not circulating - reside in specific portion of bone marrow

Question 51

Where do eosinophils reside?

Answer 51

Circulate for 8-12 hours then reside in spleen, lymph nodes, GI tract and other tissues

Question 52

What is the function of eosinophils?

Answer 52

Release granules which induce/maintain inflammation in allergic reactions, asthma and parasitic infection

Question 53

Which WBC have high affinity IgE receptors?

Answer 53

Basophils

Question 54

What are monocytes?

Answer 54

Precursors of macrophages