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Y1 - Principles > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the natural barriers of the innate response?

A 
Physical barrier
Physiological barrier
Sebaceous secretions
Mucous
Commensal bacteria
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2
Q

What are the main cells of the adaptive immune response?

A

B and T cells

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3
Q

What are the differences between the innate and adaptive response?

A

Innate is rapid, adaptive is slow
Innate has no memory, adaptive does
Innate is non-specific, adaptive is specific
Innate uses PAMPs and PRRs and adaptive uses antigens and antibodies

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4
Q

What are the cells of the innate system?

A 
Macrophages
NK cells
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Dendritic cells
Mast cells
Complement proteins
CRP
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5
Q

What do PAMP and PRR stand for?

A

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns

Pattern Recognition Receptors

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6
Q

Which cell has a kidney bean nucleus?

A

Macrophages

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7
Q

Where do macrophages reside?

A

Exposed epithelium - lungs, skin, intestine

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8
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Phagocytic killing
Also use ROS induced by interferon gamma
Clear away debris
TNFa production

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9
Q

What are different names for macrophages?

A

Kupffer cells in liver

Alveolar macrophages in lungs

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10
Q

What is the appearance of NK cells?

A

Granular

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11
Q

How do NK cells kill?

A

Degranulation, release of perforin

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12
Q

What is the function of NK cells?

A

Kill abnormal/infected cells

Produce interferon gamma

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13
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Circulate in blood stream and migrate to infected areas via transendothelial migration
Kill by phagocytosis, degranulation, NETs

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14
Q

How do neutrophils migrate to an area?

A

Chemokines cause blood vessels to becomes leaky

Blood stasis cause WBC marginalisation, rolling and adhesions via ICAM and VCAM

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15
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

the movement of cells due to a chemical gradient

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16
Q

What does raised neutrophils in the blood suggest?

A

Acute inflammation

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17
Q

What is the most common WBC?

A

Neutrophil

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18
Q

Describe the nucleus of neutrophils?

A

Multi-lobed

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19
Q

Neutrophils are short-lived, true or false?

A

True

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20
Q

Describe the appearance of basophils?

A

Bilobed nucleus
Stained blue
Granules

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21
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Act as effector cells in allergic reaction

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22
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Allergy

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23
Q

Describe the appearance of eosinophils?

A

Bilobed nucleus

Stained red

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24
Q

What is the example of antigen presenting cells?

A

Dendritic cells

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25
What is the function of dendritic cells?
Phagocytose pathogens and then present the antigens to T cells via MHC class II molecules
26
What is the function of mast cells?
Allergy Kill large antibody-coated parasites that can't be phagocytosed Release histamine, heparin - degranulation
27
What is opsonisation?
The coating of pathogens by soluble factors (opsonins) that enhance phagocytosis
28
What are examples of opsonins?
C3b CRP IgG IgM
29
Where are complement proteins produced?
Liver
30
What are the 3 pathways of complement system activation?
Classical pathway MBL pathway Alternative pathway
31
What is the classical pathway?
IgG and IgM activate the complement cascade
32
What are the outcomes of the complement cascade?
Opsonisation enhances phagocytosis MAC allow pathogen killing C3a and C5a cause acute inflammation
33
What is the alternative pathway?
C3b, produced by C3, activates C3 again
34
What are the effects of acute inflammation?
``` Swelling Dolor - pain Calor - heat Rubor - redness Functio laesa - loss of function ```
35
Where do B cells mature?
Bone marrow
36
How and where do lymphocytes usually circulate?
Found the primary lymphatic tissue in inactive form
37
What activates B and T cells?
Antigen presentation
38
What needs to happen for B cell activation?
Antigens present and signals from T helper cells
39
What happens after B cell activation?
They proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells
40
Which region of the antibody do antigens bind to?
Fc region
41
What is the first immunoglobin produced?
IgM
42
What is the shape of IgM?
Pentametric
43
What is the function of IgM?
B cell activation and complement system activation through the classical pathway
44
What is the most abundant imunoglobin?
IgG
45
What is the shape of IgG?
Monometric
46
What are the functions of IgG?
``` Foetal immunity Complement activation NK cell activation Opsonisation Agglutination ```
47
What is agglutination?
The clumping of antigens together to enhance phagocytosis
48
Which immunoglobin is important in neonatal immunity, and when does this take effect?
IgA | 6 months after birth
49
What is the other function of IgA
Secretions
50
What is the function fo IgE?
Allergy
51
What is the function of IgD?
B cell activation
52
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
53
What are the types of T cell?
CD4+ helper cells CD8+ cytotoxic cells Regulatory T cells Memory T cells
54
What is the function of CD4+ T cells?
Activate B cells and stimulate proliferation of memory B cells
55
What is the function of CD8+ T cells?
Kill infected cells via perforin/granzymes/granulysin
56
What is the function of regulatory T cells?
Lymphocyte suppression
57
How are antigens presented by MHC molecules?
Antigens are presented by MHC (major histocompatibility complex)
58
What is the difference between Th1 cells and Tfh cells?
Th1 - help macrophages | Tfh - help B cells
59
Which cells need MHC molecules?
T cells
60
What is the function of MHC?
Display peptide antigens to TCR on T cells
61
What is the difference between class 1 and 2 MHC?
Class 1 - present on all nucleated cells, present to CD8+ killer T cells Class 2 - present only on APC, present to CD4+ helper T cells
62
What is type 1 hypersensitivity, and what is an example?
IgE mediated Mast cells and eosinophils Happens in seconds Allergy
63
What is type 2 hypersensitivity, and what is an example?
``` IgM and IgG NK cells Antigen bound to cell surface Onset is seconds to hours Goodpasture's ```
64
What is type 3 hypersensitivity, and what is an example?
``` Immune complex mediated Antibody to soluble antigen IgG, neutrophils Onset is in hours Acute hypersensitivity pneumonitis ```
65
What is type 4 hypersensitivity, and what is an example?
Delayed hypersensitivity Macrophages, T cells Onset is in days Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis, TB, sarcoiosis

Y1 - Principles (11 decks)

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