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Foundations 2 > histology/anatomy > Flashcards

histology/anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

epithelium

A

line body surfaces and cavities, form glands to perform secretory function (lining of body cavities, tubes, ducts, exocrine glands, endocrine, paracrine)

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2
Q

3 things about epithelium

A

anchored at basal surface to basement membrane (basal lamina), avascular, tightly connected to one another

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3
Q

epithelial tissues derive from

A

all 3 germ layers

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4
Q

morphological distinction of epithelial cells

A

number of cell layers
cell shape
keratinization (in stratified)

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5
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

endothelium in blood vessels, mesothelium in body cavities (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)
parietal layer of bowman’s capsule

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6
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

ducts and tubules
renal tubules
thyroid follicles
glands

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7
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A 
absorptive surfaces (small intenstine)
bronchioles
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8
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

has single layer of ciliated columnar epithelial cells, larger airways of respiratory system (trachea), epididymis

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9
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

moist surfaces like oral cavity, differentiated cells at top, can be non-keratinized (esophagus, oral, anal, vagina) or keratinized (skin)

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10
Q

icthyosis

A

disorders of keratinization, scale like appearance of skin bc excess keratinization

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11
Q

transitional epithelium

A

urinary tract, type of stratified, relaxed = dome shaped cuboidal, stretched = squamous

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12
Q

apical domain specialization epithelial cells

A

microvilli
cilia
sterocilia

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13
Q

lateral domain specializations in epithelial cells

A

tight junctions (zona occludens)
adherens junctions (zona adherens)
desmosome (macula adherens) - adhesion
gap junctions

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14
Q

cadherins

A

link 2 cells together, in small gap of adherens junctions

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15
Q

basal domain

A

part of epithelial cell in direct contact with basement membrane, hemidesmosome

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16
Q

hemidesmosome

A

makes connection of basement membrane with epithelial cell, each acts as cell surface attachment site for keratin intermediate filaments connected to type IV collagen

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17
Q

connective tissue

A

support for 3 other tissue types, connective tissue proper is defined by extracellular matrix and specialized connective tissue = function

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18
Q

2 defining features of connective tissue

A

presence of cells separated from one another and surrounded by extracellular matrix produced by cells
functional roles of support, gas exchange, fat storage, defense, healing

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19
Q

connective tissue derives from

A

mesoderm, connective tissue in embryo = mesenchyme

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20
Q

mesenchyme

A

connective tissue in embryo

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21
Q

basal lamina

A

separates epithelial cells from underlying connective tissue
surrounds some cell types
separates layers of cells
important for cancers to determine invasiveness/malignancy

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22
Q

types of connective tissue

A

loose connective
dense connective (irregular/regular)
reticular connective
adipose

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23
Q

loose connective tissue

A

many cell types, high fat content, packing material throughout body, high amount of ground substance –> empty spaces

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24
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

woven collagen fibers in matrix with elastin, dermis, impact resistant to multidirectional forces

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25
dense regular connective
woven collagen fibers in matrix with parallel collagen fibers, tendon, resistant to tension
26
reticular connective tissue
meshwork in lymph nodes and other tissues to let cells pass through, collagen type 3 fibers stain positive with silver
27
adipose tissue
fat storage, white
28
cells of connective tissue
``` fibroblasts/myofibroblasts macrophages mast cells plasma cells adipocytes ```
29
fibroblast
workhouse cells producing most fiber and matrix component molecules
30
myofibroblasts
secretory properties of fibroblasts and contractile properties of smooth muscle cells (wound healing)
31
macrophages
phagocytic derived from monocyte blood cells, ingestion
32
mast cells
immune response to recognize pathogens and release immune mediators
33
adipocytes
derive from fibroblasts, store fat
34
collagen
resisting forces, made from fibroblasts, 3 protein helical chain requiring vitamin C, crosslinked
35
collagen released from fibroblasts as
procollagen
36
type I collagen
most common, bone, skin, tendons, ligaments etc.
37
type I, II, III, V, IX collagen
fibrillar
38
type V and VI collagen
basement membrane networks
39
types of connective tissue fibers
collagen and elastic fibers
40
elastic fibers
made of elastin and microfibrils to give elasticity to tissues, cross linked and assembled requiring fibrillin as part of microfibrils (sheets instead of fibers without fibrillin)
41
elastin released from fibroblasts as
tropoelastin
42
ground substance
gel-like, rich in GAGs whose negative charges bind water
43
matrix functions
support, hydrates tissue, reacting to environment
44
3 groups of ground substance molecules
GAGs proteoglycans multiadhesive glycoproteins
45
GAGs
disaccharides with negative charges, longer = hyaluron, gives gel quality to ground substance/vitreous humor
46
Proteoglycans
have GAGs attached to linear core
47
multiadhesive glycoproetins
help stabilize connective tissue
48
muscle tissue
has the ability to contract | responsible for movement
49
3 muscle types
skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), smooth
50
skeletal muscle
very long multinucleated syncytium with peripheral nuclei
51
surroundings of skeletal muscle
endomysium (individual fibers) perimysium (muscle fascicles) epimysium (entire muscle)
52
muscle breakdown
muscle fascicle is made of muscle fibers which are made of myofibrils which are made myofilaments and sarcomeres
53
thin filaments
actin, troponin, tropomyosin
54
thick filaments
myosin
55
M line
myosin cross linked
56
H band
isolated myosin in A band
57
A band
myosin overlapping with actin
58
I band
actin
59
Z line
boundary of sarcomere
60
muscle contraction
Ca+2 removes troponin on thin filaments to let myosin bind actin, ATP binding is needed to release myosin from actin
61
sarcoplasm contents
myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SER) reservoir for calcium
62
triad
where transverse T tubules of sarcolemma are adjacent to two terminal cisterna of sarcoplasmic reticulum transverse T tubules of sarcolemma bring depolarization into interior of cell at A and I junction
63
atrophy
loss of innervation --> decrease in size of muscle and its cells
64
motor unit
number of muscle fibers supplied by one neuron
65
NMJ
motor end plate in synaptic cleft
66
nerve impulse effect on muscle
acetylcholine released from synaptic vesicles at end plate --> depolarization of sarcolemma via Ach-gated Na+ channels. VGNa+ channels open and depolarization spreads into t tubules
67
how are cardiac muscles different than skeletal
shorter cells, branched, central nuclei, intercalated discs, different t-tubules (over Z-line in diads rather than triads), gap junctions contraction dependent on EC calcium ions that enter through T-tubule vs skeletal muscle dependency on depolarization of t-tubules
68
smooth muscle contractile apparatus differences
dense bodies = Z lines thin filaments contain alpha-actinin within intermediate filament meshwork thin filaments have no troponin SM responds to increased Ca+2 Ca+2 --> calmodulin --> myosin light chain kinase --> phosphorylate myosin -->actin interaction
69
mechanisms for smooth muscle contraction
1. autonomic nerve impulses open VGCa channels 2. stretching of mechanosensitive clacium channels 3. hormones and second messengers
70
nervous tissue
enables body to respond to continuous changes in external and internal environment controls and integrates the functional activities of the organ and organ systems
71
PNS surrounding
``` endoneurium = loose connective tissue around neurons perineurium = specialized connective tissue around nerve fascicle (bundle of neurons), BBB epineurium = dense irregular connective tissue surrounding nerve fasicles ```
72
neuron
cell body, dendrites, axon, specialized for protein production
73
nissl bodies
stacks of rough ER responsible for protein production
74
dendrites
contain microtubules and neurofilaments for transport of materials in both directions, ribosomes distinguish them from axons
75
neuroglial cells of CNS
1. oligodendrocytes 2. astrocytes 3. microglia 4. ependymal cells (produce CSF)
76
PNS supporting cells
schwann cells
77
Schwann cells
surround axons in unmyelinated and myelinated nerves, produce myelin sheath, nuclei, neurilemma
78
neurilemma
thin layer of schwann cells layered in myelin of myelinated cells wrapping unmyelinated axons
79
gray and white matter in brain
gray forms outer layer of cerebral cortex and white forms inner core
80
types of synapse junctions
axodendritic axosomatic axoaxonal

Foundations 2 (6 decks)

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