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Foundations 2 > histology/anatomy > Flashcards

histology/anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

epithelium

A

line body surfaces and cavities, form glands to perform secretory function (lining of body cavities, tubes, ducts, exocrine glands, endocrine, paracrine)

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2
Q

3 things about epithelium

A

anchored at basal surface to basement membrane (basal lamina), avascular, tightly connected to one another

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3
Q

epithelial tissues derive from

A

all 3 germ layers

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4
Q

morphological distinction of epithelial cells

A

number of cell layers
cell shape
keratinization (in stratified)

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5
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

endothelium in blood vessels, mesothelium in body cavities (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)
parietal layer of bowman’s capsule

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6
Q

simple cuboidal epithelium

A

ducts and tubules
renal tubules
thyroid follicles
glands

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7
Q

simple columnar epithelium

A 
absorptive surfaces (small intenstine)
bronchioles
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8
Q

pseudostratified epithelium

A

has single layer of ciliated columnar epithelial cells, larger airways of respiratory system (trachea), epididymis

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9
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

moist surfaces like oral cavity, differentiated cells at top, can be non-keratinized (esophagus, oral, anal, vagina) or keratinized (skin)

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10
Q

icthyosis

A

disorders of keratinization, scale like appearance of skin bc excess keratinization

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11
Q

transitional epithelium

A

urinary tract, type of stratified, relaxed = dome shaped cuboidal, stretched = squamous

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12
Q

apical domain specialization epithelial cells

A

microvilli
cilia
sterocilia

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13
Q

lateral domain specializations in epithelial cells

A

tight junctions (zona occludens)
adherens junctions (zona adherens)
desmosome (macula adherens) - adhesion
gap junctions

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14
Q

cadherins

A

link 2 cells together, in small gap of adherens junctions

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15
Q

basal domain

A

part of epithelial cell in direct contact with basement membrane, hemidesmosome

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16
Q

hemidesmosome

A

makes connection of basement membrane with epithelial cell, each acts as cell surface attachment site for keratin intermediate filaments connected to type IV collagen

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17
Q

connective tissue

A

support for 3 other tissue types, connective tissue proper is defined by extracellular matrix and specialized connective tissue = function

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18
Q

2 defining features of connective tissue

A

presence of cells separated from one another and surrounded by extracellular matrix produced by cells
functional roles of support, gas exchange, fat storage, defense, healing

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19
Q

connective tissue derives from

A

mesoderm, connective tissue in embryo = mesenchyme

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20
Q

mesenchyme

A

connective tissue in embryo

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21
Q

basal lamina

A

separates epithelial cells from underlying connective tissue
surrounds some cell types
separates layers of cells
important for cancers to determine invasiveness/malignancy

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22
Q

types of connective tissue

A

loose connective
dense connective (irregular/regular)
reticular connective
adipose

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23
Q

loose connective tissue

A

many cell types, high fat content, packing material throughout body, high amount of ground substance –> empty spaces

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24
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

woven collagen fibers in matrix with elastin, dermis, impact resistant to multidirectional forces

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25
Q

dense regular connective

A

woven collagen fibers in matrix with parallel collagen fibers, tendon, resistant to tension

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26
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

meshwork in lymph nodes and other tissues to let cells pass through, collagen type 3 fibers stain positive with silver

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27
Q

adipose tissue

A

fat storage, white

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28
Q

cells of connective tissue

A 
fibroblasts/myofibroblasts
macrophages
mast cells
plasma cells
adipocytes
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29
Q

fibroblast

A

workhouse cells producing most fiber and matrix component molecules

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30
Q

myofibroblasts

A

secretory properties of fibroblasts and contractile properties of smooth muscle cells (wound healing)

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31
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytic derived from monocyte blood cells, ingestion

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32
Q

mast cells

A

immune response to recognize pathogens and release immune mediators

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33
Q

adipocytes

A

derive from fibroblasts, store fat

34
Q

collagen

A

resisting forces, made from fibroblasts, 3 protein helical chain requiring vitamin C, crosslinked

35
Q

collagen released from fibroblasts as

A

procollagen

36
Q

type I collagen

A

most common, bone, skin, tendons, ligaments etc.

37
Q

type I, II, III, V, IX collagen

A

fibrillar

38
Q

type V and VI collagen

A

basement membrane networks

39
Q

types of connective tissue fibers

A

collagen and elastic fibers

40
Q

elastic fibers

A

made of elastin and microfibrils to give elasticity to tissues, cross linked and assembled requiring fibrillin as part of microfibrils (sheets instead of fibers without fibrillin)

41
Q

elastin released from fibroblasts as

A

tropoelastin

42
Q

ground substance

A

gel-like, rich in GAGs whose negative charges bind water

43
Q

matrix functions

A

support, hydrates tissue, reacting to environment

44
Q

3 groups of ground substance molecules

A

GAGs
proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins

45
Q

GAGs

A

disaccharides with negative charges, longer = hyaluron, gives gel quality to ground substance/vitreous humor

46
Q

Proteoglycans

A

have GAGs attached to linear core

47
Q

multiadhesive glycoproetins

A

help stabilize connective tissue

48
Q

muscle tissue

A

has the ability to contract

responsible for movement

49
Q

3 muscle types

A

skeletal (voluntary), cardiac (involuntary), smooth

50
Q

skeletal muscle

A

very long multinucleated syncytium with peripheral nuclei

51
Q

surroundings of skeletal muscle

A

endomysium (individual fibers)
perimysium (muscle fascicles)
epimysium (entire muscle)

52
Q

muscle breakdown

A

muscle fascicle is made of muscle fibers which are made of myofibrils which are made myofilaments and sarcomeres

53
Q

thin filaments

A

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

54
Q

thick filaments

A

myosin

55
Q

M line

A

myosin cross linked

56
Q

H band

A

isolated myosin in A band

57
Q

A band

A

myosin overlapping with actin

58
Q

I band

A

actin

59
Q

Z line

A

boundary of sarcomere

60
Q

muscle contraction

A

Ca+2 removes troponin on thin filaments to let myosin bind actin, ATP binding is needed to release myosin from actin

61
Q

sarcoplasm contents

A

myofibrils, mitochondria, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SER) reservoir for calcium

62
Q

triad

A

where transverse T tubules of sarcolemma are adjacent to two terminal cisterna of sarcoplasmic reticulum

transverse T tubules of sarcolemma bring depolarization into interior of cell at A and I junction

63
Q

atrophy

A

loss of innervation –> decrease in size of muscle and its cells

64
Q

motor unit

A

number of muscle fibers supplied by one neuron

65
Q

NMJ

A

motor end plate in synaptic cleft

66
Q

nerve impulse effect on muscle

A

acetylcholine released from synaptic vesicles at end plate –> depolarization of sarcolemma via Ach-gated Na+ channels. VGNa+ channels open and depolarization spreads into t tubules

67
Q

how are cardiac muscles different than skeletal

A

shorter cells, branched, central nuclei, intercalated discs, different t-tubules (over Z-line in diads rather than triads), gap junctions

contraction dependent on EC calcium ions that enter through T-tubule vs skeletal muscle dependency on depolarization of t-tubules

68
Q

smooth muscle contractile apparatus differences

A

dense bodies = Z lines
thin filaments contain alpha-actinin within intermediate filament meshwork
thin filaments have no troponin
SM responds to increased Ca+2
Ca+2 –> calmodulin –> myosin light chain kinase –> phosphorylate myosin –>actin interaction

69
Q

mechanisms for smooth muscle contraction

A
  1. autonomic nerve impulses open VGCa channels
  2. stretching of mechanosensitive clacium channels
  3. hormones and second messengers
70
Q

nervous tissue

A

enables body to respond to continuous changes in external and internal environment
controls and integrates the functional activities of the organ and organ systems

71
Q

PNS surrounding

A 
endoneurium = loose connective tissue around neurons
perineurium = specialized connective tissue around nerve fascicle (bundle of neurons), BBB
epineurium = dense irregular connective tissue surrounding nerve fasicles
72
Q

neuron

A

cell body, dendrites, axon, specialized for protein production

73
Q

nissl bodies

A

stacks of rough ER responsible for protein production

74
Q

dendrites

A

contain microtubules and neurofilaments for transport of materials in both directions, ribosomes distinguish them from axons

75
Q

neuroglial cells of CNS

A
  1. oligodendrocytes
  2. astrocytes
  3. microglia
  4. ependymal cells (produce CSF)
76
Q

PNS supporting cells

A

schwann cells

77
Q

Schwann cells

A

surround axons in unmyelinated and myelinated nerves, produce myelin sheath, nuclei, neurilemma

78
Q

neurilemma

A

thin layer of schwann cells layered in myelin of myelinated cells wrapping unmyelinated axons

79
Q

gray and white matter in brain

A

gray forms outer layer of cerebral cortex and white forms inner core

80
Q

types of synapse junctions

A

axodendritic
axosomatic
axoaxonal

Foundations 2 (6 decks)

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