Histology & Cell Biology

Question 1

Define “neoplasm”

Answer 1

Neoplasm=new growth

Question 2

Define “benign neoplasm”

Answer 2

Grow slowly and remain localized to site of origin

Question 3

Define “malignant neoplasms”

Answer 3

Cancers

• grow rapidly
• abnormal growth
• unregulated rapid cell proliferation

Question 4

Define “carcinoma”

Answer 4

Malignant tumor growing from EPITHELIAL tissue

*most of human cancers are carcinoma

Question 5

Define “sarcoma”

Answer 5

Malignant tumor growing from connective tissue

Question 6

Define “benign”

Answer 6

Not invasive
Grows locally
Resembles cell of origin
Relatively uniform

Question 7

Define “malignant”

Answer 7

Invasive
May metastasise
Cells vary in shape and size

Question 8

Define “metastasis”

Answer 8

Distant spread of the tumor cells into other tissues of the body.

Question 9

Necrosis

Answer 9

Cell death, not orderly. May cause content to lyse.

Question 10

Apoptosis

Answer 10

Physiological programmed cell death. Cell shrinkage.
Caspase cascade activation.

ie Normal embryological development (developing digits)

Question 11

Mitochondrial enzyme which is released into cytoplasm in apoptosis

Answer 11

Cytochrome C is released from mitochondria.

Question 12

Tumor progression

Answer 12

Genetically unstable

Question 13

Apoptosis pathways: Extrinsic

Answer 13

Binding of ligand to death receptor
Recruitment of death domain adaptor proteins
Death inducing signaling complex
Caspase cascade

Question 14

Apoptosis pathways: Intrinsic

Answer 14

Death signal
Proapoptotic proteins upregulated (ie Bax)
Release cytochrome c from mitochondria
Apoptosome formation Caspase cascade

Question 15

Interphase

Answer 15

G1-Cell growth, synthesize RNA and proteins
S- DNA synthesis/replication
G2-Cell preparation for division, cell growth

Question 16

G1 Phase-Checkpoints

Answer 16

G1 DNA damage checkpoint

G1 Restriction checkpoint-mediated by retinoblastoma (Rb) protein

Question 17

S Phase-Checkpoints

Answer 17

S DNA damage checkpoint

Question 18

G2 Phase-Checkpoints

Answer 18

Unreplicated DNA checkpoint

G2 DNA-damage checkpoint

Question 19

Mitotic (M) Phase-Checkpoints

Answer 19

Spindle assemby checkpoint

Chromosome Segregation checkpoint

Question 20

Mitosis stages

Answer 20

Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Cytokinesis

Question 21

Centromere

Answer 21

holds sister chrmatids together

site of kinetochore formation

Question 22

Kinetochore

Answer 22

Large protein complex

Attach chromosome to mitotic spindle

Question 23

Centrosome

Answer 23

Microtubule organizing center.

Location of spindle fiber poles.

Question 24

Mitotic Spindle

Answer 24

Centrosomes
Microtubules (Overlap, kinetochore, astral)
Motor proteins (Dynein-, kinesin+)

Question 25

Cell Cycle Regulation

Answer 25

Cyclins

Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs)

Question 26

Retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

Answer 26

Tumor suppressor gene-to prevent excessive cell growth

Resting cells Rb is active

Question 27

p53

Answer 27

Tumor suppressor gene
regulating cell cycle
initiation of apoptosis

Question 28

Anaphase promoting complex (APC)

Answer 28

plays a role in ensuring sister chromatids are together until ready to seperate

Question 29

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 29

Normal regulatory molecules

Question 30

Oncogenes

Answer 30

Mutated proto-oncogenes

Question 31

Aneuploidy

Answer 31

abnormal number of chromosomes

*non-disjunction: chromosome fails to seperate