Histology Integument

Question 1

What type of epithelium can be found in the epidermis?

Answer 1

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 2

What are the 2 layer of the dermis?

Answer 2

1. papillary layer
2. reticular layer

Question 3

What are the components of the papillary layer of the dermis?

Answer 3

small blood vessels, lymph & nerves
fine collagen and elastic fibers

Question 4

What are the components of the reticular layer of the skin?

Answer 4

vasular plexus
lymph, nerves

compact collagen fibers and thick elastic fibers

Question 5

List the layers of the epidermis from bottom to top?

Answer 5

S. basale (germinal)
S. spinosum (desmosomes)
S. granulosum (keratohyaline granules)
Stratum lucidium
S. corneum (squames)

Question 6

What are the distinct cell types found in the epidermis?

Answer 6

1) Keratinocyte,
2) Melanocyte,
3) Langerhans cell,
4) Merkel cell

Question 7

Label the special cells in the image.

Answer 7

Question 8

What type of cells are in the stratum basale? (cuboidal, squamous, or columnar?

Answer 8

cuboidal cells

Question 9

Which layer of the epidermis contains basophilic cells that synthesize keratin?

Answer 9

stratum basale

Question 10

What layer of the epidermis are melanocytes and Merkel cells contained?

Answer 10

stratum basale

Question 11

What are the 2 main functions of keratinocytes?

Answer 11

to produce keratin and contain melanin

as a water barrier

Question 12

How often do keratinocytes renew themselves?

Answer 12

every 15-30s

Question 13

What are desmosomes? Where are they located in the layers of the epidermis?

Answer 13

Desmosomes are a junction complex for cell anchorage

Stratum spinosum

Question 14

What does the term “spinosum” in stratum spinosum come from?

Answer 14

Because of the many FALSE cytoplasmic extensions (hence “spinosum”)

Question 15

Where are Langerhans cells found in the epidermis?

Answer 15

In the stratum spinosum

Question 16

The “prickle cell layer” of the epidermis?

Answer 16

stratum spinosum

Question 17

What is the purpose of keratin filaments?

Answer 17

crucial for maintaining structural integrity stability, and continuity of the epithelium

Question 18

What are the keratin filaments of the keratinocytes cross linked bye?

Answer 18

filaggrin (keratohyalin granules)

Question 19

Keratin filaments form large aggregates within the keratinocyte called what?

Answer 19

tonofilaments

Question 20

What substance are the keratohyaline granules (filaggrin) rich in?

Answer 20

sulfated amino acids (cysteine)

Question 21

What are keratosomes? What layer of the epidermis are they in?

Answer 21

Membranous lamellar bodies/vesicles/ granules

Found in the S. granulosum

Question 22

Are keratohyalin granules eosinophilic or basophilic?

Answer 22

basophilic

Question 23

Another name for keratosomes?

Answer 23

Olland bodies?

Question 24

What is the purpose of keratosomes?

Answer 24

Act as a waterproofing cement

Question 25

What does the stratum granulosum consist of?

Answer 25

glycophospholipids

Question 26

What areas of the body is the stratum lucidum more prominent in?

Answer 26

thick skin only (palms and soles only)

Question 27

The cells of the S. lucidum are described as flattened cells with desmosomes. Do these flattened cells contain a nucleus?

Answer 27

They are non-nucleated.

Question 28

T/F. The stratum corneum contains layers of living cells?

Answer 28

False; dead and dying cells

Question 29

About how many layers thick is the stratum corneum in thick skin? Thin skin?

Answer 29

15-20 layers thick 3-5 layers in thin skin

Question 30

Understand this slide.

Answer 30

Understand slide

Question 31

What are hemidesmosomes? What do they do?

Answer 31

stud-like structures found in keratinocytes that act in the signal transduction process via a integrin and regulate cellular activities such as gene expression and cell proliferation and differentiation

Question 32

Difference between orthokeratinization and parakeratinization?

Answer 32

Orthokeratinization process by which cells in S. corneum are flat and lose nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles In parakeratinization the cells keep nuclei, considered incomplete keratinization

Question 33

What are some conditions parakeratinization may be observed in?

Answer 33

1. actinic keratosis 2. psoriasis

Question 34

What layer of the epidermis are Langerhan's cells located?

Answer 34

in stratum spinosum

Question 35

What is the embryonic origin of Merkel's cells?

Answer 35

the neural crest

Question 36

Describe the color of the melanocyte cells?

Answer 36

Pale cells with brown granules in them.

Question 37

How do the melanocytes function?

Answer 37

Transfer the melanin to cells in str. Basale & Spinosum via cytoplasmic extensions – CYTOCRINE SECRETION

Question 38

Do the melanocytes have desmosomes?

Answer 38

no

Question 39

Color of skin depends on concentration of granules in melanocytes or number of the melanocytes?

Answer 39

depends on concentration of granules not on the number of melanocytes.

Question 40

What are langerhans cells? Where are they found? What do they do?

Answer 40

Star shaped cells found in epidermis, specially around str. Spinosum and around blood vessels in the papillary dermis. Present antigens to lymphoid cells in the epidermis and dermis (APC)

Question 41

What are Birbeck's granules?

Answer 41

Racquet shaped granules found in langerhans cells.

Question 42

Where do Langerhan's cells arise from?

Answer 42

bone marrow stem cells

Question 43

Langerhans cells present antigens to what? Would this be considered an adaptive or innate response?

Answer 43

T cells in regional lymph nodes – adaptive response

Question 44

Difference between dendritic cells and Langerhans cells? Where are dendrocytes located in the skin?

Answer 44

Dendritic cells (DCs) are professional APCs that play a crucial role in activating adaptive immune responses. Langerhans cells (LCs) are a subset of immature DCs that reside in the epidermis Dendrocytes are located in dermis

Question 45

Papillary layer of dermis contains what type of connective tissue?

Answer 45

Loose CT

Question 46

Reticular layer of the dermis contains what type of CT?

Answer 46

dense irregular

Question 47

What type of connective tissue is found in the hypodermis?

Answer 47

loose connective tissue/adipose tissue

Question 48

What is the subcutaneous tissue of the skin also known as?

Answer 48

Hypodermis or superficial fascia

Question 49

What type of glands are sebaceous glands?

Answer 49

Simple acinar glands (HOLOCRINE GLANDS)

Question 50

What is sebum and what is it secreted from in the skin?

Answer 50

Sebum is a complex mixture of triglycerides, waxes, cholesterol & its ester. sebaceous glands

Question 51

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

Answer 51

antibacterial and moisturizing

Question 52

Where are sebaceous glands found in the body?

Answer 52

in only areas where there is hairy skin

Question 53

When the sebaceous glands are infected what condition can be caused?

Answer 53

acne

Question 54

Function of eccrine sweat glands specifically?

Answer 54

excretion: provide a significant excretory route for water and electrolytes. protection: aids in preserving the skin's acid mantle, which helps protect the skin from colonisation from bacteria and other pathogenic organisms

Question 55

Secretory portion of the sweat glands has what type of epithelium?

Answer 55

simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 56

The excretory portion of the sweat glands contain what type of epithelium?

Answer 56

stratified cuboidal epithelium

Question 57

Describe clear cells of the sweat glands.

Answer 57

pale cells resting on BM. Secrete watery sweat

Question 58

Describe dark (mucoid) cells of the sweat glands.

Answer 58

few, pyramidal cells contain granules of glycoproteins

Question 59

Describe myoepithelial cells of the sweat glands.

Answer 59

contractile cells located at BM

Question 60

Describe duct cells of the sweat glands.

Answer 60

– stratified cuboidal, cells smaller & darker. Absorb NaCl & glycoproteins.

Question 61

Secretions of the sweat glands include what? (merocrine) (What do they secrete?)

Answer 61

NaCl, ammonia, urea & uric acid.

Question 62

Are secretions of the sweat gland hypertonic or hypotonic?

Answer 62

hypotonic

Question 63

What are the functions of the sweat glands?

Answer 63

thermoregulation and waste secretion

Question 63

What are the functions of the sweat glands?

Answer 63

thermoregulation and waste secretion

Question 64

Where are the apocrine sweat glands typically located?

Answer 64

axillary, anal & areolar regions of the body

Question 65

Where do the apocrine sweat glands secrete sweat into?

Answer 65

hair follicle

Question 66

What are the secretory substance that come from apocrine sweat glands?

Answer 66

proteins, carbs, lipids

Question 67

Bacteria act on lipids from apocrine sweat glands to produce what?

Answer 67

produce odoriferous compounds. (Pheromones)

Question 68

When do apocrine sweat glands become functional?

Answer 68

at puberty

Question 69

Apocrine sweat glands are under what type of autonomic control?

Answer 69

adrenergic sympathetic control

Question 70

What do apocrine sweat gland respond to? (Heat or emotional and sensory stimuli?)

Answer 70

emotional and ssensory

Question 71

The bulb of the hair follicle sits in what tissue layer of the skin?

Answer 71

subcutaneous (adipose fat) tissue layer

Question 72

What is the hair papilla?

Answer 72

projection of dermis into center of the bulb

Question 73

BE able to differentiate between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns.

Answer 73

View Chart

Question 73

BE able to differentiate between 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns.

Answer 73

View chart

Question 74

Describe nail root.

Answer 74

buried in fold of epidermis and covers cells of germinative zone

Question 75

Describe nail matrix.

Answer 75

cells of matrix divide regularly migrate toward root Differentiate produce keratin of nail

Question 76

What parts of the skin is the nail bed continuous with?

Answer 76

stratum basale and stratum spinosum of epidermis

Question 77

Function of free nerve endings.

Answer 77

basic sensations like pain, touch, temp & pressure

Question 78

Functions of Merkel's discs?

Answer 78

sense pressure and touch

Question 79

What layers of the skin can Merkel's discs be found in?

Answer 79

epidermis and dermis

Question 80

Where can Meissners corpuscles be found?

Answer 80

dermal papillae?

Question 81

What are the functions of the Meissner's corpuscles?

Answer 81

two point or discriminative touch

Question 82

What is the function of the Pacinian corpuscle?

Answer 82

pressure, touch and vibration

Question 83

What is the purpose of the Ruffini's sensory receptor?

Answer 83

pressure and touch

Question 84

Where are the Ruffini's sensory receptors found?

Answer 84

dermis, hypodermis and joint capsules

Question 85

What is the purpose of Krause end bulbs?

Answer 85

receptors for cold

Question 86

What is the purpose of the muscle spindle?

Answer 86

change in muscle length

Question 87

What is the purpose of the Golgi tendon organ?

Answer 87

Responds to muscle tension

Question 88

Label these sensory receptors.

Answer 88

Label