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SF3-EXAM 4 (CAMELITA) > Histology of Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Histology of Female Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

Female external genitalia

A

–labia majora

–labia minora

–clitoris

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2
Q

Internal female genitalia

A

Ovaries

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3
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Label

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Label

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5
Q

Components of premordial foliicles

A
  • An oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells

NOTE: Every 28 days the pituitary hormones FSH and LH stimulate the growth of many follicles and maturation of one oocyte within the follicle called the ovarian cycle

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6
Q

Germinal epithelium of Waldeyer

A

The ovarian surface epithelium, which is a layer of simple squamous-to-cuboidal epithelial cells covering the ovary.

NOTE: The germinal epithelium does NOT give rise to primary follicles

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7
Q

Primordial ovarian follicle

A

Oocyte-stromal cell constract that is halted at the first meiotic prophase

NOTE: A few primordial follicles are selected to mature into larger, primary follicles

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8
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Label

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9
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10
Q

Secondary follicles are larger and possess a fluid-filled cavity called an ______.

A

Antrum

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11
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Label

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12
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13
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14
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15
Q

What is the function of the theca interna?

A

Secretes adrogens which are converted by the granulosa layer into estogens.

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16
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Label

A
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17
Q

The inner most layer of the cumulus oophorus is the ___________.

A

Corona radiata

NOTE: The cumulus oophorous is a cluster of cells that surround the oocyte both in the ovarian follicle and after ovulation. This layer of cells must be penetrated by spermatozoa in order for fertilization to occur

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18
Q

What is the main purpose of the corona radiata?

A

Supply vital proteins to the cell

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19
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Label

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20
Q

Follicular fluid is rich in ___________.

A

Hyaluronic acid

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21
Q

Some LH-RH containing neurons possess an a-type estrogen receptor that _________ (suppresses/stimulates) their function. Some LH-RH containing neurons possess an b-type estrogen receptor that __________ (suppresses/stimulates) their function

A

Suppresses; stimulates

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22
Q

Connections between granulosa cells weaken under the influence of ____________, which causes the follicle to rupture.

A

plasminogen activator

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23
Q

The first meiotic division is completed at ovulation with formation of the first polar body. The oocyte is then called a ____________.

A

secondary oocyte

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24
Q

Prior to ovulation, oocytes are arrested at prophase of meoisis I, why?

A

Due to inhibitory influences of the granulosa cells

NOTE: Activation of an oocyte receptor called GPR3 by an unknown signal increases oocyte cAMP and causes suppression of meiosis

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25
Metaphase of Meiosis I
26
Ovulatory surges in ______ and _____ change the signaling between the oocyte and the granulosa cell.
LH; FSH **NOTE:**
27
How are polar bodies formed?
Results from an Unequal Division of the Oocyte Cytoplasm
28
What are the components of the zona pellucida?
3 proteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3) produced by the oocyte **NOTE:** The zona pellucida forms a barrier aroung the oocyte. It is penetrated by thin processes of granulosa cells.
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ release enzymes that alter the zona pellucida, causing it to become impermeable to other sperm.
Cortical granules **NOTE:** Fertilization triggers the migration of cortical granules towards the oocyte plasma membrane. Fertilization also stimulates the onset of meiosis II
30
Estrogen and progesterone from the ovary target the ___________ of the uterus.
Endometrium **NOTE:** This causes it to grow and secrete uterine milk into the uterine lumen.
31
What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?
* Follicular phase (days 1-14) * Ovulation (day 14) * Luteal phase (days 14-28)
32
What are the major events of the follicular phase?
* GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates FSH and LH secretion * **FSH** stimulates the mitosis of the follicular cells of a _primordial follicle_ developing into a **primary follicle** * **LH** stimulates **estrogen** secretion from follicular cells * **Follicular cells** secrete the **zona pellucida** * Continues to grow into a **secondary follicle** * **​**Develops a fluid-filled **antrum** * Estrogen levels continue to rise * Continues growth into a **Graafian follicle** **NOTE:** During the follicular phase, estrogen-LH operate with _negative feedback._ This occurs when estrogen levels are low. At the end of the follicular phase, the estrogen-LH relationship becomes one of _positive feedback._
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What are the major events of ovulation?
*
34
What major events ccur during the luteal phase?
* LH surge: * Transforms a ruptured follicle into a **corpus luteum** * Stimulates the secretion of **estrogen and progesterone** from the corpus luteum * LH level decreases with time from LH surge
35
Which hormone prepares the uterus for pregnancy?
Progesterone
36
What occurs in the granulosa and theca cells during the luteal phase?
* Granulosa cells increase in size * Theca interna cells are transformed into theca letein cells \*Both cells secrete estrogen and progesterone
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Label
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Mature corpus luteum
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\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ form strands that penetrate into the masses of granulosa lutein cells.
Theca lutein cells
44
Granulosa lutein cells stain positively for a peptide hormone called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Relaxin **NOTE:** In preparation for childbirth, it relaxes the ligaments in the pelvis and softens and widens the cervix. It may cause
45
After 12 days, a corpus luteum regresses, stops secreting hormones, and becomes a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Corpus albicans **NOTE:** This occurs if fertilization does NOT occur. This causes a reduction in **estrogen and progesterone**, causing the secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH allowing the cycle to begin again.
46
If fertilazation does occur, the fertilized egg secretes a hormone called \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) **NOTE:** This hormone stimulates the anterior pituatary gland for continued secretion of **LH,** which **prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum.**
47
Follicular atresia occurs due to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Apoptosis of granulosa cells and their engulfment by macrophages **NOTE:** In a completely atretic follicle, only the zona pellucida remains
48
What type of epithelium cover the uterine (fallopian) tube?
Ciliated columnar epithelium
49
Function of fallopian tubes
Create a flow of **peritoneal fluid** into the uterine tubes to "pull" the ovulated ovum into the uterine tune and move it toward the uterus **NOTE:** The fertilazation of an ovum by a sperm occurs within the distal 1/4 of the tube (closest to the ovary)
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Four portions of the oviduct
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What are the 3 anatomical regions of the uterus?
* **Cervix** * **​**Connects to the vagina inferiorly * **Body****​** * **Fundus** * **​**Connects to the 2 fallopian tubes
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Label
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What are the phases of the mentrual cycle?
* **Menstrual phase**- Days 1-5 * **Proliferative phase-** Days 6-14 * **Secretory phase-** Days 14-28
54
What are the major events of the menstrual phase?
* Menstrual bleeding causes the _endometrium_ to shed * Caused by the **decrease in estrogen levels** from the degeneration of the corpus luteum during the previous cycle
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What are the major events of the proliferative phase?
* An **increase in estrogen levels** during the _follicular phase_ stimulates endomentrium gorth * Increase in vascular supply and develops exocrine secreting uterine glands
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What are the major events of the secretory phase?
* Uterine glands secrete uterine milk into the uterus * Stimulated by an **increase in progesterone** **levels** during the luteal phase
57
What are the three layers of the uterine wall?
* **Endometrium** * **​**Superficial simple columnar epithelim * Deep loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and uterine glands * For nourishment * **Myometrium** * **​**Smooth muscle * Contracts during labor and childbirth * **Perimetrium** * **​**Elastic but tough connective tissue * Part of the visceral peritoneum
58
What is uterine milk?
A white secretion containing proteins and amino acids that nourishes the embryo during development
59
The endometrium of the uterine wall develops into the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
60
What are the two layers of the endometrium?
* Basal layer * Preserved after menstruation * Functional layer * Lost during menstruation **NOTE:** The spiral arteries contract, leading to necrosis of the functional layer
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Stratum functionalis
* Borders uretine lumen * Contains uterine glands * Sloughed off during menstration
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The uterine cycle
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Uterine endometrium during the follicular phase
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Uterine endometrium during the luteal phase
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What are the ultrastructural feautures of the endometrium?
* Nucleolar channel system * Membranes derived from rER that form tubules within the nucleus * Possible marker for endometrial receptivity for implantation of an embryo * Apical blebs filled with **glycogen**
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What do endometrial glands secrete?
* **Proteases** that may aid implantation and which can degrade the zona pellucida * **Glycogen** * **Oxytocin**
67
Which hormone diminishes uterine contractility?
Progesterone
68
What kind of epithelium is found in the cervix?
Stratified non-keratinizing squamous epithelium **NOTE:** The cervix merges at the **transformation zone** to endocervix
69
The endocervix is lined by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Tall mucinous columnar cels **NOTE:** The endocervix has underlying endocerval glands, which are also lined by tall mucinous columnar cells
70
What is a necessary first step in carcinogenesis in cervical cancer?
Keratinocyte infection with certain strains of HPV
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How is cervical cancer treated?
* Hysterectomy * Removal of cervix and uterus
73
Endometriosis
* Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus * Can occur during surgery, through the fallopian tubes, blood, and lymph

SF3-EXAM 4 (CAMELITA) (23 decks)

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