Histology/Pathology

Question 1

What are the microvascular, macrovascular and extravascular effects of diabetes?

Answer 1

Macrovascular: accelerated and more severe atheromas from HT and hyperlipidaemia

Microvascular

• Retinopathy
• Nephropathy
• Food ulcers
• Delayed wound healing

Extravascular

• Neuropathy
• Impaired immune response to infection
• Non alcoholic fatty liver disease

Question 2

What is the 3 ways chronic hyperglycaemia causes tissue damage?

Answer 2

• Advanced glycolation end products; affect inflamm cells, endothelial cells and SMC via RAGE, can also cause cross linking of ECM proteins on their own
• Protein kinase C; causing inflammation too, and vessel constriction and wall thickening
• Intracellular hyperglycaemia and abnormal polyol pathways; leading to reduce glutathione so increased susceptibility to oxidative injury