Histology Unit 3 Flashcards
(124 cards)
1
Q
What are the three types of lymphocytes?
A
T cells, B cells, and NK cells
2
Q
Cytotoxic T-cells, or ____, recognize antigen _____ on virus infected, foreign, or cancer cells, and attacked them
A
CD8+ cells, MHC I
3
Q
Helper T-cells, or _____ cells contain TCRs which recognize antigen____ on APC’s, and produce cytokines which activate Tc, B, and NK cells as well as macrophages.
A
CD4+ cells, MHC II
4
Q
B cells differentiate into _____ which secrete antibodies which tag antigens for destruction, and _____, which are programmed to respond quickly to a second AG encounter
A
Plasma cells, memory cells
5
Q
What is the only distinguishable type of differentiated lymphocyte, having a clock-face nucleus, basophils cytoplasm, and visible golgi on LCT?
A
Plasma cells
6
Q
Increased lymphocytes is an indicator for what type of infection?
A
Viral
7
Q
What are the three types of granulocytes?
A
Eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils
8
Q
What is the first cell type which migrates to a site of acute tissue inflammation?
A
Neutrophils
9
Q
Which WBC type have a multi-lobed nucleus?
They are also the most abundant WBC.
A
Neutrophils
10
Q
What WBC has a large role in defense against parasitic infections and attenuate allergic reaction (basophil antagonist)?
Note bilobed nucleus and granules with “bars.”
A
Eosinophils
11
Q
What WBC type mediate inflammatory and allergic reactions by releasing heparin and histamine?
Note dark granules
A
Basophils
12
Q
Heparin is a _____, and histamine is a _____.
A
Anticoagulant, vasodilator
13
Q
Platelets, or ______, mediate blood clotting
A
Thrombocytes
14
Q
What type of WBC is very large with a “kidney-bean” nucleus?
A
Monocyte
15
Q
Elevated monocyte levels typically signals:
A
Chronic inflammatory reactions
16
Q
What type of cell forms platelets?
A
Megakaryocytes
17
Q
Hematopoietic stem cells give rise to what two types of common progenitor cells?
A
Lymphoid and myeloid
18
Q
For how long do erythrocytes live?
A
100-120 days
19
Q
Erythropoietin is a hormone synthesized by ____ in response to decreased blood oxygen concentration.
A
The kidneys
20
Q
What are the 6 stages of red blood cells during erythropoiesis?
A
Proerythroblast Basophilic erythroblast Polychromatophilic erythroblast Orthochromatic erythroblast Reticuloblast Erythrocyte
21
Q
What are the stages of granulopoeisis?
A
Myeloblast Promyelocyte Myelocyte ——-separate lineages—- Metamyelocyte Band cell (neutrophils only) Mature cell
22
Q
What are the layers of the adrenal cortex?
A
Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
23
Q
What type of hormone does the zona reticularis produce?
A
Gonadocorticoids
24
Q
What type of hormone does the zona fasciculata produce?
A
Glucocorticoids
25
What type of hormone does the zona glomerulosa produce?
Mineralocorticoids
26
Give an example of a mineralocorticoid
Aldosterone
27
Give an example of a glucocorticoid
Cortisol
28
Give an example of a gonadocorticoid
Weak androgens
29
What is the major cell type in the adrenal medulla and what hormones do they secrete?
Chromaffin cells, catecholamines: adrenaline and noradrenaline
30
What hormone is produced by the parafollicular cells in the thyroid?
Calcitonin
31
Thyroid follicles contain what substance?
Colloid -Precursor to thyroid hormone called "thyroglobulin"
32
Colloid is a stored, inactive form of:
Thyroid hormone: T3/T4
33
What is the function of calcitonin?
Decrease blood calcium by inhibiting osteoclasts
34
What is the function of thyroid hormone?
Regulate metabolic activity
35
What is the major cell type of the pineal gland and what do they produce?
Pinealocytes, melatonin
36
What is another name of the pituitary gland?
Hypophysis
37
What are the two major sections of the pituitary gland?
neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis
38
What structure forms from oral ectoderm and eventually forms the pars intermedius and pars distalis in the pituitary gland?
Rathke's pouch
39
The neurohypophysis contains the posterior pituitary called the:
Pars nervosa
40
The adenohypophysis contains the anterior pituitary called the:
Pars distalis
41
What are the two types of cells in the pars distalis?
Chromatophobes and chromatophils
42
What types of cells in the pars distalis are considered chromatophils?
Acidophils and basophils
43
What are the two types of acidophils in the pars distalis?
somatotrophs and mammotrophs
44
What hormone do mammotrophs secrete?
Prolactin
45
What hormone do somatotrophs secrete?
GH
46
What are the three types of cells considered to be basophils in the pars distalis?
Corticotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Gonadotrophs
47
What hormone(s) are produced by corticotrophs?
ACTH
48
What hormone(s) are produced by thyrotrophs?
TSH
49
What hormone(s) are produced by gonadotrophs?
FSH and LH
50
What are the two main hormones produced by the neurohypophysis?
Oxytocin and ADH
51
The lighter staining B-cell rich region in a lymphatic nodule is called a:
Germinal center
52
If a nodule has a germinal center it is categorized as:
secondary
53
The supportive cells of the thymus are called:
Epithelioreticular cells
54
The thymus is separated into ___ which each contain cortex and medulla
Lobules
55
Lymph nodes have nodules in the ___ , separated into superficial and deep, and a large centrolateral medulla
cortex
56
The walls of lymphocytes protruding into the medulla of a lymph node are called:
Lymphatic cord
57
Lymph flows through epithelially lined ____ in the lymph node to collect at the medulla
Lymphatic sinuses
58
The supportive cells of the lymph nodes which create a meshwork are called:
Reticular cells
59
Lymph can also enter lymph nodes via specialized ___ vessels which enter into the deep cortex
High endothelial
60
The spleen is separated into:
White pulp and red pulp
61
The splenic nodule is accompanied by what type of blood vessel?
Central arteries
62
What is PALS?
Peri-Arterial Lymphatic Sheath, a collection of T-cells surrounding the central artery
63
What is the obstacle course that red blood cells must pass through to enter back into the blood stream?
Splenic sinusoids
64
What cells secrete calcitonin?
Parafollicular cells
65
What is the major cell type of the parathyroid glands?
Chief cells
66
What gland contains brain sand?
Pineal gland
67
The pars intermedius can be identified by accompanying:
Cysts
68
Clumps of proteins within a swollen axon in the pars nervosa are called?
Herring bodies
69
What are the types of basophils in the pars distalis of the pituitary gland?
Gonadotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Corticotroph
70
What do corticotrophs secrete?
ACTH
71
What do thyrotrophs secrete?
TSH
72
What do gonadotrophs secrete?
FSH and LH
73
What are the five layers of the cornea?
```
Epithelium
Bowman's membrane
Substantia propria (corneal stroma)
Descemet's membrane
Endothelium
```
74
What is the pigmented epithelium of the retina and nervous retina?
Choroid
75
What is the loose layer of the choroid, filled with elastic fibers and pigmented cells?
Epichoroid
76
What are the three layers of the ciliary body?
Bruch's membrane
Pigment epithelium
Ciliary epithelium
77
What is the irregular ring where the nervous retina ends and the ciliary body begins?
Ora serrata
78
What is the anterior chamber of the ciliary body bound by?
Cornea, iris, lens
79
What is the posterior chamber of the ciliary body bound by?
Lens, iris, ciliary processes, zonule
80
What is the thin, watery fluid contained in the posterior and anterior chambers of the ciliary body?
Aqueous humour
81
What are the four parts of the lense of the eye?
Capsule
Epithelium
Lense substance
Zonule
82
What is the clear, semisolid gel that fills the space posterior to the sense of the eye, supporting the retina?
Vitreous body
83
What part of the conjunctiva covers the sclera?
Bulbar conjunctiva
84
What part of the conjunctiva lines the eyelid?
Palpebral conjunctiva
85
What is the light sensitive part of the eye?
Retina
86
How many layers does the retina have?
10
87
What anchors the ciliary processes to the lens?
Zonular fibers
88
What muscle changes sphincter of the eye to relax or contract?
Ciliary muscle
89
The process of the lens of the eye changing shape to allow far/near vision is called:
Lens accommodation
90
Loss of lens accommodation due to age is called:
Presbyopia
91
What muscles allow change in size of the pupil?
Sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae
92
What proteins maintain the transparency of the lense? What do they differentiate into?
Crystallins, lens fibers
93
What are the two structures in the outermost fibrous layer of the wall of the eye?
Cornea
| Sclera
94
What are the three structures of the pigmented, vascular layer of the wall of the eye
Choroid
Ciliary body
Iris
95
What are the two layers of the innermost layer of the wall of the eye
Retinal Pigmented epithelium
| Neural retina
96
The axons of ganglion cells form the:
Optic nerve
97
What is the basal side of the retinal pigment epithelium that is often considered part of the chorion?
Bruch's membrane
98
The photopigment contained in rods is:
Rhodopsin
99
The photopigment of cones is:
Iodopsin
100
Retinal is a type of vitamin A found in:
Rhodopsin
101
An image is focused on what part of the retina?
Fovea centralis
102
The region where the optic nerve leaves the eye, interrupting the retina is called the:
Optic disc
103
Where are most of the cones in the eye located?
Fovea centralis
104
What organ in the cochlea detects physical air waves or sound?
Organ of Corti
105
What ear organ acts as a sound collecting funnel, helping to disctinguish sounds from in front and behind?
Auricle
106
What outer ear portion is a continuation of the auricular cartilage, bounded by the tympanic membrane medially?
External auditory meatus
107
What are the specialized sweat glands of the external auditory meatus and what do they produce?
Ceruminious glands, cerum
108
What is the irregular air-filled space of the middle ear lined with cuboidal epithelium?
Tympanic cavity
109
What are the three bones of the middle ear?
Malleus, inces, stapes
110
What are the four layers of the tympanic membrane?
Thin skin, radial fibers, circular fibers, cuboidal ep.
111
What is the function of the middle ear?
Amplifier and transducer, convert sound waves to mechanical vibrations
112
The internal ear consists of fluid-filled sacs and tubules comprising the:
membranous labyrinth
113
What is the viscous fluid similar to intracellular fluid inside the membranous labyrinth?
endolymph
114
The bony labyrinth is lined with:
Periosteum
115
What fluid, similar to extracellular fluid, lines the bony labyrinth?
Perilymph
116
What are the two sense organs of the ear?
Organ of Corti
| Vestibular organ
117
The footplate of the stapes is held in place by the:
Annular ligament
118
What is the central, bony shaft of the cochlear canal, containing vessels, nerves, and ganglion?
Modiolus
119
What is the name of the thickened periosteum where basilar membrane joins the outer wall?
Spiral ligament
120
What is the name of the thickened upper border of the membranous spiral lamina?
Spiral limbus
121
What is the richly vascularized site of endolymph synthesis, located on the lateral wall of the cochlear duct?
Stria vascularis
122
Hair cells in the organ of Corti are embedded in the ___ which is produced by interdental cells?
Tectorial membrane
123
Hairs in the macula of the utricle (vestibular organ) are embedded in the _____
Otolithic membrane
124
What is the name of the cochlear duct containing the organ of Corti?
Scala media
