Physiology I Block II

Question 1

Part of saliva that begins initial digestion of carbohydrates

Answer 1

Alpha- amylase

Question 2

Part of saliva that begins initial digestion of lipids

Answer 2

Lingual lipase

Question 3

Part of saliva that provides lubrication

Answer 3

Mucin glycoproteins

Question 4

Enzyme in saliva that acts on kininogen to release bradykinin – vasodilator which accounts
for high salivary blood flow during increased salivary activity

Answer 4

Kallikrein

Question 5

Vitamin B12 binding protein in saliva whos purpose is to protect the transit of this vitamin

Answer 5

Haptocorrin (R protein)

Question 6

Cells (present in the acini and line the
intercalated ducts) which eject saliva into mouth when stimulated
by neural input

Answer 6

Myoepithelial cells

Question 7

Cells modify initial isotonic saliva to produce

final hypotonic saliva by altering electrolyte concentrations

Answer 7

Ductal cells

Question 8

Cells have zymogen granules that contain

amylase

Answer 8

Serous acinar cells

Question 9

Cells secrete mucin glycoproteins

Answer 9

Mucus acinar cells

Question 10

Striated duct epithelium is relatively impermeable to

___ but avidly transports ___.

Answer 10

Water, salts

Question 11

In the salivary striated ducts, the removal of NaCl exceeds the addition of KHCO3,
rendering the final secretion ____, but alkaline.

Answer 11

Hypotonic

Question 12

At ___ flow rates, the final saliva is most similar to plams

Answer 12

High

Question 13

At low slow rates (fasting), the final saliva is most ___ to plasm

Answer 13

Dissimilar

Question 14

Parasympathetic fibers from the glossopharyngeal and facial nerves are dominant in activating ______ receptors to increase IP3/Ca2+ in blood vessels of salivary glands

Answer 14

Cholinergic muscarinic

Question 15

Sympathetic stimulation in the salivary glands can cause increase in ____ via (typically) beta adrenergic receptors

Answer 15

cAMP

Question 16

What type of saliva does sympathetic stimulation result in?

Answer 16

Mucous

Question 17

Bradykinin, produced from kallikrein, results in ____ of blood vessels

Answer 17

Dilation

Question 18

PNS can also increase blood flow to the salivary glands by directly releasing:

Answer 18

Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (VIP)

Question 19

What are the four major components of gastric juice?

Answer 19

HCl
Pepsinogen
Intrinsic Factor
Mucus

Question 20

The antrum of the stomach secretes what two hormones?

Answer 20

Gastrin and somatostatin

Question 21

Parietal cells secrete what? (2)

Answer 21

HCl and IF

Question 22

Chief cells secrete what?

Answer 22

Pepsinogen

Question 23

Parietal cells contain which important digestion-related pump?

Answer 23

H-K-ATPase

Question 24

Which drug can block the H-K-ATPase?

Answer 24

PPIs (Omeprazole)

Question 25

Gastric parietal cells secrete H+ in response to? (3)

Answer 25

ACh Gastrin Histamine

Question 26

ACh is released from vagus nerves and binds to ___ receptors on parietal cells, activating PLC and liberating DAG and IP3 which lead to H+ secretion

Answer 26

M3

Question 27

Name a muscarinic receptor antagonist

Answer 27

Atropine

Question 28

Histamine is released from ____ cells in the gastric mucosa and binds to ___ receptors on parietal cells, leading to H+ secretion via adenylate cyclase/cAMP.

Answer 28

Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells), H2

Question 29

Name an H2 receptor antagonist

Answer 29

Cimetidine

Question 30

____ gastrin is secreted in response to a meal, while ___ gastrin is secreted between meals/

Answer 30

Little/G17, Big/G34

Question 31

The three jobs of gastrin are:

Answer 31

1) Promote H+ secretion by parietal cells 2) Promote growth of mucosa 3) Inhibit gastric emptying

Question 32

What is the term for the ability of two stimuli to produce | a combined response that is greater than the sum of the individual responses?

Answer 32

Potentiation

Question 33

30% of stimulated HCl is secreted in the ____ phase, while 60% is secreted in the ___ phase. 10% is in the intestinal phase.

Answer 33

Cephalic, gastric

Question 34

What enzyme released from D cells in the stomach and duodenum, inhibits parietal H+ secretion?

Answer 34

Somatostatin

Question 35

____ antagonize histamine-stimulated acid secretion by the engaging Gi protein and inhibiting adenylyl cyclase activity

Answer 35

Prostoglandins

Question 36

____ is often the result of an autoimmune disease that causes degeneration of the parietal cell.

Answer 36

Pernicious anemia

Question 37

``` Due to large body stores of B12, prolonged (3-5 yr) deficiency of IF secretion (or lack of dietary intake) is needed to cause _____ because of defective red blood cell production. ```

Answer 37

Pernicious anemia

Question 38

With a gastric ulcer, there is a/an ____ in gastrin levels.

Answer 38

Increase

Question 39

With a duodenal ulcer, there is a/an ____ in gastrin levels.

Answer 39

Decrease

Question 40

In this disease, gastrin is secreted by a pancreatic tumor, and there is increased parietal cell mass (and therefore increased H+) due to increased gastrin levels.

Answer 40

Zollinger-Ellison Syndrome