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Anatomy > Histology Y1 > Flashcards

Histology Y1 Flashcards

(51 cards)

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1
Q

What is epithelium?

A

The tissue which covers and lines other tissues

- It is an avascular tissue

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2
Q

How is epithelium classified?

A

Number of layers (simple or stratified), she of the cell (squamous, cuboidal, columnar) and surface specialisation (keratinising)

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3
Q

What is the Basal lamina/Basement membrane?

A

The barrier between epithelium and underlying connective tissue

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4
Q

Pseudo stratified epithelium? Where is it found?

A

Falsely stratified - Nuclei are unevenly distributed and squished together - Usually in trachea and bronchus

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5
Q

Transitional epithelium? Where is it?

A
  • When the bladder is empty and the cells are able to expand, when it is full they are squashed together
  • Found in ureter and urinary bladder
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6
Q

Endocrine and exocrine glands

A

Endocrine - Secrets products directly into blood stream

Exocrine - Secrets products onto the skin via ducts

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7
Q

Exocrine gland types

A

Mucous gland - Secretes fluid used to lubricate and protect shown as brighter staining

Serous gland - Secretes Watery fluid, rich in enzymes that helps breakdown food shown as darker staining

Seromucous - mix of both

Either simple of compound depending if there’s a single or numerous branches
Can be acinar (more rounded) or tubular

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8
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • binding, support, protection, insulation, transportation and repair/scar tissue
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9
Q

CT is made of 3 main components

A

Cells, fibres and ground substances

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10
Q

Fibroblast function

A
  • Found in CT
  • Fixed cell
  • ECM/collagen production allowing for structural support
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11
Q

Adipocyte function

A
  • Found in CT
  • Fixed cell
  • Stores fat/energy and insulates
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12
Q

Macrophage function

A
  • Found in CT
  • Wandering cell
  • Conducts phagocytosis
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13
Q

Plasma cell function

A
  • Found in CT
  • Wandering cell
  • Produces antibodies
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14
Q

Mast cell function

A
  • Found in CT
  • Wandering cell
  • Release inflammatory cytokines
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15
Q

White blood cell/Leukocytes

A
  • Found in CT
  • Wandering cell
  • Defensive cell
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16
Q

Ordinary CT

A

Loose - Immediately below epithelium, surround capillaries (myelin)

Dense irregular - Found in dermis, collagen fibres are densely packed

Dense regular - Collagen fibres, found in ligaments and tendons

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17
Q

Specialised CT

A

Supportive - Cartilage (hayline, fibrocartilage or elastic)

Bone - Compact or spongy

Fluid - Blood or lymph

Adipose - Fat tissue

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18
Q

Collagen fibres (CT)

A
  • High tensile strength
  • Fibrils join to form fibres which join to form bundles
  • Stretch resistant
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19
Q

Reticular fibres (CT)

A
  • Brings larger collagen fibres together
  • Individual fibres that don’t form bundles
  • Branched, thin, collagenous fibres
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20
Q

Elastic fibres (CT)

A
  • Long thin fibres that allow for stretch

- Found in the dermis, elastic arteries and lungs

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21
Q

Ground substances and what is in it?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Gel where fibres and structures sit
  • Composed of:
    GAG’s, proteoglycans and adhesive glycoproteins
22
Q

Functions of cartilage (CT)

Study These Flashcards
A

Forms of supportive connective tissue

23
Q

Where is Hyaline cartilage found (CT)

Study These Flashcards
A

Joints, trachea, bronchus, costal cartilage (ribs), nasal cavities

24
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found? (CT)

Study These Flashcards
A

External ear, epiglottis (flap pf tissue beneath the tongue and back of the throat)

25
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Tendon insertions, intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis (joint) and articular meniscus
26
Functions of bone
- Main constituent of the skeleton, facilitates movement, supports and protects organs, harbours bone marrow (RBC production)
27
Types of bone
Spongy - Areas with numerous interconnecting cavities Compact - Dense area without cavities (collagen fibres)
28
Osteoblasts
- Form bone ECM and are located at the surface of the bone | - Lay down bone
29
Osteocytes
- Maintains bone tissue - Osteoblasts that have become trapped in bone matrix - Located in the lacunae cavity
30
Osteoclasts
- Eats bone - Large multi nucleated cells - Forming a rough border of cells on the surface
31
Periosteum
newly lade bone
32
Types of muscle
Skeletal, cardiac, smooth
33
Identifying skeletal muscle
- striated lines of myosin and actin, long unbranched and multinucleate, nuclei preset on the periphery of fibres, found attached to bone
34
CT of skeletal muscle
Epimysium - Outside entire muscle Perimysium - Surrounds each fascicle Endomysium - Between each fibre
35
Sarcoplasm and sarcolemma
Sarcoplasm - Cytoplasm of fibre containing myofibrils, mitochondria, SER and myoglobin Sarcolemma - Plasma membrane of fibres where calcium is stored and released
36
Identifying cardiac muscle/myocardium
- Striated dark and light bands, central nucleus position, branched cells joined together by intercalated disk (junctions), has longitudinal and transverse sections
37
Identifying smooth muscle
- Found in tubule organs - Gut, blood vessels, bile duct, uterus, urinary bladder and respiratory tract - Non striated, central nuclei with granules at poles - Actin and myosin present but no banding
38
Nerve structure
- Composed of a cell body, soma containing a nucleus and an axon
39
Axons
- Transmission lines of the nervous system (bundles make up the nerve) - Axons surrounded by endoneurium, fascicles surrounded by perineurium, nerve cell surrounded by epineurium
40
Types of nerve cells
Anaxonic - Axons cannot be distinguished from dendrites Bipolar - Two sections separated by the cell body Pseudounipolar - Single long axon with the soma on one side Multipolar - Single axons and multiple dendrites so multiple sections
41
Dendrties
Receive stimuli from other cells and connect to the stoma
42
Schwann cells
Main supporting cell in PNS - Encloses each axon in myelin | - Can only myelinate 1 axon in PNS
43
Satellite cells
Located in PNS helping to support soma
44
Oligodendrocyte
Forms myelinated sheet for serval axons in CNS and can wrap around nerve multiple times which helps facilitate nerve impulse (CNS)
45
Astrocytes
Most common cell in CNS - Can be fibrous that are located in white matter or protoplasmic located in grey matter
46
Ependymal cells
Lines cavities of CNS such as the brain
47
Layers of the skin
1. Epidermis 2. Dermis Hypodermis
48
Epidermis
- Top layer composed of stratified squamous keratinising epithelium - Squamous cells are dead and filled with keratin proteins so it is a waterproof layer Separated into 5 layers
49
Epidermis layers (Bottom to top)
Stratum basale - Cells divided mitotically Stratum spinosum - Keratin fibres and lamellar bodies accumulate Stratum granulosum - Keratohyalin granules and hard protein envelope form, lamellar bodies release lips and cells die Stratum lucindum - Dead cells containing dispersed keratohylin Stratum corneum - Dead cells with hard protein envelope, cells contain keratin and are surrounded boy lipids
50
Dermis
Made up off dense irregular connective tissue Abundant in collagen with elastic and reticular fibres Spilt into: papillary (superficial) - Interdigitates with epidermal ridges of the epidermis Reticular (deeper) - Attached to underlying hypodermis * Thickness of skin relates to thickness of the dermis
51
Hypodermis
- Composed of CT and fat (not part of the true skin) | - Target for injection due to vascularity and so can absorb drug quickly

Anatomy (14 decks)

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